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 CHAPTER I
Introduction
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The Department of Ocean Development was created in July, 1981 as a part of the Cabinet Secretariat directly under the charge of the Prime Minister. From March, 1982 it became a separate Department.
Until 1960 oceanographic research was confined to a few institutions and universities in our country. The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which culminated in the adoption of the UN Convention on the Law of Sea, 1982 and which provides for a comprehensive framework for the regulation of all ocean spaces, provided impetus for many developing countries, including India, to create new infrastructure and institutions for harnessing the resources of the oceans. Enactment of the Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act by Parliament in 1976 and establishment of a 200 mile exclusive Economic Zone in January, 1977, added a new dimension to ocean related activities. An important objective of the Department of Ocean Development has been to function as a nodal Department for organising, coordinating and promoting ocean development activities in the country.
The mandate of the Department includes :
(i) Promotion of Research and Development in the marine sector
(ii) Surveys to locate and map the resources potential, living and non-living in the Exclusive Economic Zone
(iii) Development, conservation and protection of coastal ocean
(iv) Marine environment on high seas
(v) Human Resources Development
(vi) Exploration and development of seabed mining
(vii) Promotion and coordination of Antarctic Research
(viii) Collaboration with other agencies/countries
(ix) Legal regime for the oceans & Antarctica
(x) Matters relating to oceans not specifically allotted to any other Department
OCEAN POLICY
The Ocean Policy was enunciated in November 1982. The Policy Statement approved by both the Houses of Parliament highlights the following :
* Need to map living resources, prepare an inventory of commercially exploitable fauna and to map and assess the availability of mineral resources from the deep sea.
* Optimum utilisation of living resources and seaweeds, exploitation of non-living resources such as hydrocarbons and heavy placer deposits, harnessing of renewable resources of ocean energy from the waves, temperature difference in water column.
* Technological advances geared to the utilisation and preservation of the marine environment.
* Research and development in basic ocean sciences.
* Development of indigenous technology and setting up of infrastructure facilities and services to operate large sized fishing vessels.
* Development of technologies relating to instrumentation, diving systems, position fixing, materials development, oceanic data collecting devices, submersible etc.
* Broadening and strengthening of available infrastructure facilities.
* Establishment of a centralised data system with appropriate mechanism for collection, collation and dissemination of ocean related information both from indigenous and foreign sources.
* Training of skilled manpower and creation of self-reliant technological base.
* Establishment of an integrated legal framework and commitment for its enforcement.
* Cooperation with both developed and developing countries.
The Department of Ocean Development functions in conjunction with other concerned agencies as a focal point to promote institutional capabilities in areas where significant work is lacking. Department has been given specific responsibilities in relation to (i) Antarctic research programme to demonstrate India's scientific potential and capabilities, and (ii) development of deep seabed mining for polymetallic nodules. India has been allotted a mine site in the Central Indian Ocean under the new Ocean regime and has been accorded pioneer status in deep seabed exploration.
ORGANISATIONAL SET-UP OF THE DEPARTMENT
The present sanctioned strength of the Department, including administrative, technical and supporting staff is 209 in all grades, attached and subordinate offices included.
The Department has created two attached office viz. Antarctic Study Centre and Project Cell for implementation of Polymetallic Nodules Programme and one subordinate office, namely Sagar Sampada Cell at Cochin.
The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), a registered society under the administrative control of and budgetary support by the Department, function as a technical arm for development of ocean related technology.
The Research Advisory Committee and Technical Steering Committees identify the thrust areas of research and development and also approve specific projects for implementation. The Cruise Planning and Programmes Priority Committees for Ocean Development finalises and approve the cruise programmes for the research vessels. The Department utilises the resources and manpower from various agencies in the country for implementing the programmes in the Ocean sector.
MAJOR PROGRAMMES OF THE DEPARTMENT
The major programmes and projects of the Department initiated during the 6th and 7th Five Year Plan period including the programmes initiated in the 8th Plan and implemented are :
(1) Scientific research in Antarctica
(2) Deep Seabed Exploration (Polymetallic Nodules Programme)
(3) Surveys of marine areas for Living and Non-Living Resources
(4) Coastal Zone & Islands
* Satellite-based Marine Remote Sensing Information Service (MARSIS);
* Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS) and Modelling of Estuaries
* Island Development Programme; and
* Monitoring and Modelling of Sea Level Variations.
(5) Marine Instrumentation & Systems
* Establishment of Communication System between shore station and fishing vessels at sea.
* Development of Fish finder integrated with GPS.
(6) Research, Development and Specialised Manpower
* Marine Research and Development in basic sciences-(major projects include Drugs from the Sea, Study of Bengal Fan, Coastal Ocean Design & Prediction Systems (CODAPS) and other research projects approved by the Research Advisory Committee)
* Manpower Training-(includes assistance to Post-Graduate Training Centres and financial assistance to Research Associates and Research Fellows)
(7) Infrastructure & Ships
National Institute of Ocean Technology
Coastal Research Vessels
National Data Buoy programme
(8) International co-operation and Programmes
(9) Information and awareness
* National Ocean Information System
* Exhibition and fairs
* Marine aquaria, oceanaria etc.
(10) Administrative Support & Infrastructure
(11) New Schemes
* Delineation of continental shelf
While formulating the research and development programmes, stress is laid on benefits to society, accelerated development of technology and its use in exploitation of resources.
After intensive review and evaluation of the Antarctic research programme priorities in scientific programmes of different disciplines have been fixed taking into consideration the increasing importance and the relevance of Antarctic research in understanding the global climate and environment. An experimental krill fishing programme using the research vessel FORV Sagar Sampada has been undertaken in 1995-96
In the field of Polymetallic Nodules Programme, emphasis is on the utilisation of the intermediate technologies in the survey and exploration and mining for immediate use in the Exclusive Economic Zone.
Coastal Zone and Islands Programme has been accorded priority and all the schemes under the programme on Coastal Zone and Islands like marine remote sensing, pollution monitoring, monitoring of sea level variations etc. have been formulated with a stress on deriving benefits to the society and development of relevant technologies. Continued support is being provided to Universities and R&D Institutions for conducting basic research in various disciplines of Ocean sciences and technology.
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CHAPTER II A
Review of Overall Performance during 1994-95
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ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME
The XIV Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica consisting of 63 members was launched in December, 1994. The summer component of the team returned in March, 1995 leaving behind 25 members to winter over and also brought back the members of the 11th wintering team.
The scientific and logistic works undertaken in Antarctica in the course of XIV Expedition were in the following broad fields of Polar Science namely, Earth Sciences and Glaciology; Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology; Biology; Human Physiology; Environment and Communication and Engineering.
The major accomplishments of XIV Expedition are as follows:
SCIENTIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Earth Sciences and Glaciology
* Geological mapping of virgin areas of the Orvin Mountains covering an area of 960 sq. kms.
* Geochemical sampling of the crystallines of Schirmacher Oasis to elucidate the evolutionary history of the area.
* Insitu measurements of petrophysical properties of rocks including radio-activity.
* Monitoring of dynamics of glacial front movement of Dakshin Gangotri glacier.
* Preparation of Topographical map of 1:5000 scale of the Schirmacher Oasis.
Atmospheric Sciences
* Vertical profiling of ozone concentration using laser heterodyne system and measurement of seasonal variation of ozone by millimeter wave radio spectrometer.
* Studies on day time auroral phenomenon by an indigenously designed daytime glowphotometer.
* Studies on deep space magnetic currents and the correlation of magnetic storms with human physiology using fluxgate magnetometers.
Meteorology
* Continuous recording of surface weather parameters and radiation budget measurement.
* Periodic ozonesonde and radiosonde ascends to quantify climatic parameters.
Biological Sciences
* Studies on algal colonisation and microfauna in fresh water lakes as a part of bio- diversity studies and ecological monitoring.
* Microbic studies for identifying low temperature bacteria that can be used for biodegradation.
* Studies on trophic structure of Phylum Tardigrada as an ecosystem indicator species in fresh water lakes.
Human Physiology
* Studies on correlation of circadian rhythimicity and metabolic status of personnel through monitoring of body parameters on year round basis.
Environmental Sciences
* Environmental Impact Assessment Studies through analysis of diverse samples of land, air and water from the station with the aim to generate baseline data required for devising an environmental monitoring protocol.
Communication and Engineering
* Upgradation of satellite communication by uplinking Maitri through electronic mail.
* Upgradation of data and voice communication between Maitri and India using low power HF transmitters.
* Establishing an experimental amateur radio station
* Low temperature structural engineering studies on building materials and other station infrastructure.
LOGISTIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS
* Erection of the super structure for the garage cum workshop for repair and maintenance of vehicles.
* Routine servicing of all life-support equipments
* Reorientation and upgradation of summer hut facilities
POLYMETALLIC NODULES PROGRAMME
Survey & Exploration
During 1994-95 about 47 tonne of nodules was dredged from Central Indian Ocean Basin against the target of 40 tonne. These nodules were used in metallurgical studies. Oceanographic data as well as core samples have also been collected for measuring geo-mining properties of seabed and for knowing the sea bottom environment. Deep tow survey in the mine site area allotted to India was done and about one lakh photographs were taken with the Deep Tow TV Camera. Simultaneously with seabed photography, sea bottom contour data was also collected with side scan sonar and sub- bottom profiler. An area to the extent of 20% of the pioneer area allotted to India was relinquished in partial fulfillment of obligation as a registered pioneer investor.
Extractive Metallurgy
* Four pilot plant campaigns were completed at the National Metallurgical Laboratory during the year. Supportive experiments in respect of leaching, solvent extraction leading to the production of cobalt bearing cake were carried.
* Four campaigns were completed at the Regional research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar. Supportive experiments towards reproducibility of leaching data and demanganisation of leach liquor were carried with the help of demanganised reactor commissioned during the current year.
* The Hindusthan Zinc Limited, Udaipur carried out additional supportive experiments for refinement of flowsheet.
Mining
The Central Mechanical Engineering and Research Institute at Durgapur designed and developed an upgraded version of Remotely Operated Vehicle(ROV). ROV has been tested in a shallow basin of 5 mtr. depth.
EXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES
The Oceanographic Research Vessel Sagar Kanya is fitted with highly sophisticated instruments and fully capable for research work in the field of Physical, Chemical and Biological Oceanography, Meteorology, Marine Geology etc. Its objective is to survey, assess and explore the non-living resources available in our E.E.Z. During the year 1994-95, Sagar Kanya completed 7 cruises instead of 10 as planned. This was due to emergency dry-docking of the ship. FORV Sagar Sampada completed eleven cruises during the year 1994-95..
COASTAL ZONE AND ISLANDS
Marine Satellite Information Service (MARSIS)
MARSIS is designed to develop capabilities for retrieval of Ocean data from Satellite imageries, to generate useful Ocean data products and to disseminate these to the end users on an operational basis. The programme has 4 major components with the following specific objectives.
(i) Remote Sensing Applications : The objective is to develop capabilities to retrieve oceanic parameters from satellite data, generate useful data products, undertake validation and disseminate the data products to the end users. National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad and Space Application Centre (SAC) are the agencies implementing this programme.
(ii) Sea Truth data collection : The objective of this programme is to collect in-situ data for validation of satellite derived data products. National Institute of Oceanography - Goa is the agency involved. Sea truth data is collected through drifting buoys and regular cruises of dedicated research vessels.
(iii) Ocean Modelling : The modelling component of the MARSIS programme develop specific models, as to understand the relative significance of various oceanic parameters in the oceanic processes. Based on this, algorithms are developed to retrieve desired oceanic parameter / process using satellites. The modelling activities are carried out by the CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation (CMMACS), Bangalore.
(iv) MARSIS Data Centre : The objective is to create 5 MARSIS centres with necessary infrastructural facilities for effective archival and dissemination of the MARSIS data/ data products.
The achievements made during 1994-95 were as follows:
* Operational generation of SST maps. Development of regional algorithms such as TRMC SST (Tropical Multi Channel SST) and TRCP SST (Tropical Cross Product SST) for more accurate retrieval of SST from NOAA-Satellite radiometers.
* Operational generation and dissemination of PFZ advisories. In 1994-95, PFZ dissemination was increased from 134 centres to 160 centres.
* Development of algorithms for retrieval of Mixed Layer Depth, Heat budget, Ocean Surface wind, Internal waves, surface wave conditions, shallow water bathymetry, Ocean floor topography including detection of Sea mounts / trenches etc. from satellite imageries.
* Completion of satellite imageries of Coastal area maps on Wet-lands, shore-line changes, erosion/deposition features etc. for the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
* Deployment of 12 drifting buoys, in the Indian Ocean for collection of data on sea-truth.
* A supermini computer (CONVEX 3820) was procured and installed at CMMACS, Bangalore for the ocean modelling activities.
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS)
In order to monitor the levels of various marine pollutants in the coastal and offshore waters of the country and to assess the health of our seas, a programme on Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction Systems (COMAPS) is under implementation since 1989. Data on 25 parameters are collected from 77 locations with the help of 10 institutions. Based on the data collected from 1989 to 1991, intensive monitoring of pollutants in 32 locations designated as hotspots (Potential areas of high pollution) is being done for 2-3 seasons a year.
i) Data on 25 pollution parameters was collected at 77 locations to determine the trend of increase or decrease of pollution. As a result of monitoring of areas of low, medium and high concentrations of pollutants have been identified and the areas of high concentration of pollutants are being monitored intensively. Open sea all along coast, except off Bombay have clean sea water quality. Among other areas within 2 km zone, Veraval Port, Hazira, Tapi Estuary, Versova Creek, Mahim Bay, Thane Creek, Madras Harbour, Ennore Estuary, Visakhapatnam Harbour, Kakinada, Puri relatively are areas of high pollution, whereas, the other areas exhibited either low or moderate concentrations of pollutants.
ii) The stage 1 of the mathematical model, to study the flow pattern of pollutants in Thane Creek was completed.
iii) Improved infrastructural set up in all the COMAPS units.
iv) To know the quality of data produced by the participating institutions an intercalibration exercise conducted by RRL, Trivandrum to achieve 100% data quality.
v) Pollution levels have been periodically brought to the notice of the concerned State Pollution Control Boards for remedial action.
The programme has been progressing as per the target set for the 8th Five Year Plan, both in physical and financial terms.
Island Development Programme
Under this programme, activities relating to augmentation of living resources through brackishwater aquaculture, marine ecology of islands etc. are being taken up. The achievements made during 1994-95 were as follows:
* Prawn farming technology for Island ecosystem standardised.
* Initiation of new project on rejuvenation of coral reefs in A&N Islands.
* Survey of ornamental fishes in the Islands of Gulf of Mannar.
Sea Level Monitoring And Modelling (SELMAM)
In order to assess variations in the sea level due to climatic and other changes and impact of such variations on the coastal belt of India, a project for the establishment of modern tide gauges for measurement of tides more accurately has been initiated. Modern tide gauges at 11 stations i.e. Bombay, Porbunder, Goa, Cochin, Tuticorin, Madras, Machalipatnam, Vishakhapatnam, Paradeep, Calcutta and Kavarati are proposed to be set up. The project also includes preparation of contour maps of the coastal region. The data collected from the tide gauge stations and coastal maps form the basis for developing predictive models for assessing the effect of sea level variations and storm surges on the coast.
Performance During 1994-95 is as follows:
* Tide gauge stations construction at all the sites except Sagar islands initiated.
* Tide gauge stations at Goa and Bombay were commissioned.
* Establishment of a National Tidal Data Centre at Survey of India (SOI).
* Networking of tidal stations with the tidal data centre at SOI.
* The Conventional float type gauges of Survey of India were modified using appropriate electronics to achieve better accuracies in tide measurements.
* Completed aerial photography and ground survey for preparation of coastal maps of the stretch between Nellore to Machalipatnam.
MARINE INSTRUMENTATION AND SYSTEMS
The main objectives of the programme are:
* Establishment of a communication link between fishermen out at Sea and the shore.
* Development of integrated global positioning system navigator and fish finder for locating the position of fishing vessels at sea and the Potential Fishing grounds.
Performance of the programme during 1994-95 is as follows:
* Under the Shore to Fishing Vessel Communication System Phase-I, nine shore stations were commissioned in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Goa and about 850 walkie-talkie sets were distributed to the fishermen selected by the State Fisheries Departments.
* For educating the radio telephone operators and the fishermen beneficiaries on the operation and maintenance of the facilities, a short duration training course was organised and conducted at each shore station.
* Steps were initiated for operationalising the system and also for extending the scheme to other maritime states and Union Territories during the second phase.
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND SPECIALISED MANPOWER
Under this programme, the Deptt. provides financial support for basic research and development in different fields of Ocean Sciences through various academic institutions, I.I.T.'s and other national laboratories. Since 1990 research support has been extended selectively and limited to programmes of specific importance.
During the year 1994-95 major programmes on "Drugs from Ocean" and other ongoing projects have been continued and funds released to all the laboratories/Universities participating in the National Project. The Research Advisory Committee recommended 5 new projects during this year.
During the year 1994-95 research assistance was continued to individual scientists in the form of Research Associateships and Research Fellowships. 5 new research personnel were appointed in various Universities/Laboratories during this year.
With a view to support universities/institutions to strengthen its infrastructure in the field of ocean sciences, Andhra University was provided financial assistance towards starting new post graduate courses in the field of marine aquaculture.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SHIPS
National Institute of Ocean Technology
The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) was established in 1993 as an autonomous Registered Government of India Society for development of technology in the ocean sector. NIOT is under the administrative control of Department of Ocean Development (DOD) and is located within the campus of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras. While it will be providing the technological inputs for ocean technology programmes of DOD, NIOT would accept consultancy services from industry, both in public and private sectors and also generate internal resources. The Institute has the mandate to concentrate on four missions, Wave Energy, Deep Sea Technology and Ocean Mining, Coastal Zone and Marine Instruments.
Basic infrastructure facilities for NIOT were provided initially at IIT, Madras. In November, 1994, NIOT moved to the new building occupying the top-floor of the three storey building. The facilities available include a library, conference room, office space and computer network. NIOT is connected to national ERNET service.
NIOT has concentrated mainly on wave energy programme to finalise a revised design for wave energy power module containing turbine and the generator.
Coastal Research Vessels
In order to strengthen the programme on monitoring marine pollution (COMAPS) along the coastal waters of the country and to promote research on near shore phenomena for e.g. coastal circulation, two Coastal Research Vessels are being built indigenously. These vessels are expected to be received in August/September, 1996.
During the year, fabrication of the vessels were initiated and 100% construction of one of the hulls has been completed. Purchase of scientific instruments etc. were initiated. Progress of construction was also monitored
National Data Buoy Programme
Met-Ocean Data buoy is a comprehensive long-term marine monitoring programme designed particularly to make the real-time data on various meteorological and oceanographic parameters available to the users such as National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), India Meteorological Department (IMD), Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC), etc. The programme envisages to collect data of meteorological and oceanographic environment such as surface temperature, air pressure, salinity, wind, wave etc. on time series basis at seas. The data from the buoys can be telemetered via Indian satellite (INSAT) to the shore station. National data buoy programme envisages mooring of twelve data buoys at selected locations in the coastal waters of India (i.e. the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal) during the year 1996-97. Four out of 12 buoys will be equipped with additional water sensors to monitor continuously the water characteristics and ocean currents.
The data from the buoys can be used for validation of satellite remote sensing data, potential fishing zone, weather forecast, monitoring of marine environment, offshore operations, fisheries etc. The data would be useful in improving the meteorological and oceanographic services. The scheme is under processing and not yet approved.
A meeting of the experts from the national institutes was convened to deliberate on justification of buoy system, requirements, their range of values and accuracy, pattern of deployment and the number of buoys etc. A working group was formed in the meeting.
The working group recommended for import of some data buoys. The specifications for sensors, electronics, instrumented buoys and mooring system were also recommended. Role of participating institutes for development of moored and drifting buoys, data transmission and reception was identified.
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS & CO-OPERATION PROGRAMMES
The Deptt. has been actively participating in the programmes of Inter-Governmental Oceanographic Commission related to Ocean Sciences and in the Commission on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). India has also supported a few programmes in the developing countries like assistance towards development of tide gauges in Vietnam and assistance to Mauritius for undertaking studies in their E.E.Z.
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS)
Introduction
Since India is a Member of IOC it has coordinated the JGOFS programmes to carry out the carbon flux studies. The JGOFS is an established core programme of International Biosphere- Geosphere Programme (IGBP) to determine carbon flux in the world oceans with a view to establish the role of Oceans in governing atmospheric CO2 content. The Indian component of JGOFS will assess the role of the Arabian Sea as a source/sink of CO2 and other green house gases. The programme has four major components namely biological oceanography, geochemical studies, physical oceanography studies, particle and sedimentation studies. The institutes, viz., National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, and Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad are participating in the JGOFS (India) programme.
Under the programme, two multi-disciplinary oceanographic cruises of approximately 30- days each on board ORV SAGAR KANYA have been completed in the Arabian Sea. The first cruise was held in April-May, 1994 and the second in Feb-March, 1995. Oceanographic data pertaining to physical, chemical, biological and paleoceanographic features were collected and analysed.
INFORMATION AND AWARENESS
National Ocean Information System (NOIS)
Under this programme a network of National Marine Data Centres (MDC) have been established at 13 expert institutions to ensure storage, processing and dissemination of data and information on all aspects of Ocean Science and Technology. The achievements made during 1994- 95 are as under :
i) Strengthening the infrastructure and activities of 11 Marine Data Centres.
ii) Establishment of mechanisms like Micro Earth Stations to connect Marine Data Centres through the satellite based National Informatics Centre Network at 11 MDCs.
iii) Finalisation of hardware and software requirements of the Marine Data Centres.
iv) Finalisation of data formats for data storage and retrieval at select Marine Data Centres.
Exhibitions & Fairs
Trade Fair Authority has proposed to consolidate science pavilions at one place. As such the present permanent pavilion of the Department is to be shifted to a new place in the neighbourhood of Railway Pavilion. During the year 1994-95 the Deptt. was not able to participate in the India International Trade Fair as the space for the new pavilion was not allotted. The Deptt. had participated in the exhibition conducted at Howrah during February, 1995.
Marine Aquaria, Oceanaria, Etc.
The marine environment in India habitats diverse flora and fauna. A number of endangered marine species like horseshoe crabs, olive ridley turtles and a few coral species of fish occur in the coastal and near shore waters. The species diversity in some of the areas like Andaman Islands, Gulf of Mannar, etc., is unique. As the marine animals live in sea water, it is hard to imagine the nature of marine life and its variety in the marine environment. The ideal way of creating awareness among the people of the country about the marine life is by way of live display in aquaria. The advancement of submarine structural technology during the last few years has led to creation of under-sea observation systems such as oceanaria, etc. This permits the viewer to see the living habitats of marine animals under the natural conditions. In order to have this facility in the country it is proposed to set up oceanarium in the private sector on Build, Own, Operate and Maintain (BOOM) basis.
During 1994-95, efforts were made through newspaper advertisements to identify the prosperous private entrepreneurs for establishment of the oceanarium in Goa. The attempt was not successful. The reason was reviewed and it was found that the sites offered were not attractive to the entrepreneurs. It was decided to identify alternative sites.
EXPLORATION OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES
The FORV Sagar Sampada which is mapping the living resources in the EEZ and studying the relationship between abundance of living resources and oceanographic cruises undertook 11 cruises on this subject in South West coast, wedge bank and Gulf of Mannar. The ORV Sagar Kanya undertook 7 cruises wherein physical, chemical, biological and geological oceanographic studies in the Eastern Arabian Sea, Eastern Indian Ocean, Carbon flux etc.
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CHAPTER II B
Review of Overall Performance during 1995-96
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ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME
The XV Scientific expedition to Antarctica was launched in December 1995. The Scientific objectives of the expedition are as follows:
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
i. LOWER AND MIDDLE ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES: It is a long term ongoing project of the National Physical Laboratory aimed to study the ozone hole, atmospheric turbidity, UV-B radiation and aerosol loading of the Antarctic atmosphere in order to understand the overall global change phenomena. As a part of this project the following experiments will be continued in Antarctica:
* UV-B measurement to monitor the arizmal doses of UV radiation on a continuous basis in the wave length range of 280-320 nm using a biometer.
* Turbidity and aerosol measurements in the wavelength range of 350-1100 nm using spectro-radiometer so as to understand the atmospheric loading due to natural and man made phenomenons.
* Planetary boundary layer studies to understand near environment features of the atmosphere from surface to a height of 1 km using monostatic acoustic sounder and height sensors installed at 4 levels on a 28 metres instrumented tower. In addition, two antennas will be installed to upgrade the monostatic acouster to Doppler acoustic sounding system.
* Studies on Greenhouse gas molecules like CO2, CH4 and N2O in air samples so as to understand perturbations of bio-geochemistry and chemistry of the atmosphere including processes that are related to global warming.
* Millimeter Wave Experiment: NPL will continue the Millimeter wave radio spectrometer experiment designed indigenously. This will track the emission line of atmospheric ozone at 101.737 GHz to obtain the height distribution of ozone. Being an emission based instrument it can scan for ozone upto a height of 30 km continuously both during day and night conditions.
ii. UPPER ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES:
* Fluxgate Magnetometer Studies: This study is to be continued by the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism. It is proposed to operate flux- gate magnetometers at the three vertices of a triangle with the objective of obtaining velocity of mobile auroral current systems that leave back geomagnetic pulsations. Such a study will throw light not only on the near space processes (100-1000 km), but also on current processes in deep space i.e., the magnetosphere. In addition Riometers will also be operated to detect the field aligned currents.
This study is aimed to decipher :
a) Quiet time diurnal and seasonal changes in the geomagnetic field.
b) Geomagnetic field variations in response to ionospheric and magneto-spheric field aligned currents.
c) HF radio communication in response to electromagnetic disturbances.
d) Harang Discontinuity feature of the auroral oval at Maitri.
iii. CLIMATOLOGICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL STUDIES: This is being pursued by Indian Meteorological Department since the first expedition with the aim to built up a climatological data set of Antarctica on a decadenal scale. This will be used to generate meteorological models to understand the patterns of Antarctic circulation in the context to global and Indian weather systems. A permanent and continuous observatory for recording and transmitting weather parameters, reception of satellite cloud imagery and weather chart broadcast already exists and will be operational during the XV Expedition. Regular radiosonde ascents will be carried out to monitor surface and near surface ozone conditions.
In the XV Expedition, radiation budget studies will be supplemented by radiometersonde ascents. Diffused radiation observations will be taken in addition to direct radiation observation.
EARTH SCIENCES
i. GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND GLACIOLOGICAL STUDIES: To be continued by the Geological Survey of India (GSI), who have already mapped approximately 9600 sq. km of hitherto unmapped areas and propose to cover an area of 1000 sq km in the Kurze and Holtedahl ranges of Orvin II mountains during the XV Expedition. Samples will be collected for dating, studies on the grades of metamorphism, stress strain analysis and paleomagnetic studies. Glaciological studies shall encompass studies on ice dynamics by monitoring of movement of polar ice fronts. GSI shall also attempt to raise ice cores from new locations for paleo climatic studies and geothermal logging.
ii. PETROPHYSICAL, VLF-EM AND GEOTHERMAL STUDIES: These studies in East Antarctica was initiated in the XIII Expedition by the Centre for Exploration Geophysics, Osmania University. Under this project, insitu petrophysical properties like magnetic susceptibility, electric resistivity, density and gamma ray intensity of rocks will be measured. These properties will then be correlated with those of the Indian Peninsula so as to draw common analogies that can throw light on the drift of the Indian landmass. The VLF-EM studies will be a useful tool to decipher shallow geological features with a high resolution.
iii. GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF SCHIRMACHER HILLS, EAST ANTARCTICA: This is a multifaceted study initiated by the Dept. of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University. The aim of this three year project is to understand the structural, petrological, geochemical and geochronological signatures in the rocks of the Schirmacher Oasis so as to elucidate the crustal evolutionary history of the area. The pressure and temperature regime under which the litho units were generated will be studied by investigating the grades and stages of metamorphism. Special emphasis will be given to study microstructures of high temperature mylonites to decipher the deformation history.
iv. SNOW DRIFT AND ALBEDO STUDIES IN ANTARCTICA: This is a new experiment to be conducted by Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment to understand the energy exchange between the environment and snow cover. Correlation between the energy exchange process and heat conduction, temperature profile and snow metamorphism will be established.
Snow surface parameters like age of snow, size and type of snow, grains, melt water etc. will be studied in detail in order to understand the factors controlling the snow drift and snow erosion patterns. Under this experiment an automatic weather station will be set-up at Maitri.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDIES: With the adoption of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty in 1991, it is necessary to carry out proper environmental impact assessment studies and generate baseline parameters for Maitri Station. Accordingly, a scientist from National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, will participate in the XV Expedition with a programme to monitor the status of air, noise, water, biological and land components of the environment. This study will ultimately help to design a waste management plan for Maitri and any other future stations to be established in Antarctica.
MEDICAL SCIENCES
STUDIES ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: The All India Institute of Medical Sciences will continue experiments to co-relate circadian rhythimicity and metabolic status of personnel exposed to the severe Antarctic conditions. The study will include monitoring of heart rate, body temperature, body composition, liver tests, food intake and the related physico- emotional studies. In addition, following experiments will be initiated in the XV Expedition:
i) Interaction of opiods and altered photoperiod in immunomodulation during Antarctic winters.
ii) Geomagnetic effects on neurobehavioural measures of human subjects.
iii) To determine the relationship of UV-B radiation and Vitamin D metabolism.
iv) Effect of physical training and yogic practices in adaptation of human subjects.
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
i. ALGAL COLONISATION IN SCHIRMACHER OASIS: This project will be continued by the Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University to determine qualitative and quantitative variability of algal propagules in terrestrial and inland water ecosystems. The eco-physiology of the propagule banks will be studied in order to understand the biodiversity and climatic pattern changes, to determine the aerial translocation of biota and to establish induction of any non-indigenous propagules. This will be a follow up of the earlier project on the studies of blue-green algae conducted by BHU.
ii. BIO-ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MOSS INHABITING FAUNA: This is a continuing programme of Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) to study the moss inhabiting fauna in terrestrial eco systems of Schirmacher Oasis. The study will help in identifying bio- indicators and will also aid in ecomonitoring of fresh water lakes through study of these organisms. A comparative study with the high altitude fresh water Himalayan lakes is also proposed. In addition, ZSI will continue some of its past programmes on eco- ethological interpretations and soil micro-fauna investigations.
iii. LONG TERM MONITORING OF MAMMALS AND BIRDS : This is continuing project being undertaken by the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun to devise a monitoring system for population dynamics for mammals (only seals) and avian taxa. This will be carried out to define and evaluate the ecosystem health and the inter species relationship. Monitoring protocols will be developed that can be applied on a long term basis to understand the vital aspects of the faunal assemblage on a time series analysis. The project will be undertaken in close collaboration with ZSI.
iv. POLAR HORTICULTURE: Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory will initiate a new programme on development packages for practices for protected polar vegetable production in Anatrctica. Within the greenhouse already present at Maitri the following experiments will be conducted:
* Performance of vegetable crops in different kinds of media.
* Effect of natural radiation on vegetable seeds.
* Yield performance of beans/peas influenced by legume under Antarctic conditions.
* Feasibility studies on mushroom growth.
* Effect of UB-V radiation and ozone depletion on plant photosynthesis.
* In addition, a separate scientific expedition for assessment and exploration of krill resources of the Antarctic waters was launched in December, 1995.
ENGINEERING & COMMUNICATION
i. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING STUDIES: Research and Development Engineering Establishment has been entrusted to undertake the study on impact assessment of Antarctic conditions on the structural components of the station. Experiments for the improvements and upgradation of infrastructural facilities like water supply, heating, electrical systems etc. will be taken up. In addition, R&DE is also entrusted with the task of upgradation of the existing electrical earthing system and mitigating the electro static charge problem of Maitri.
ii. COMMUNICATION: The Defence Electronics and Application Laboratory of DRDO has been given the complete responsibility of maintenance and upgradation of the communication linkages from Maitri. This includes Maitri to India communication, Maitri to convoy communication and convoy to convoy communication using various modes. In addition, DEAL will carry out the following experiments:
* Upgradation of data and voice communication between Maitri and India using high speed modems and computer interfacing.
* HF propogation studies as a factor of ionospheric conditions and geomagnetic storms.
* VLF propogation studies to quantify strength of Indian VLF broadcast.
* Packet Beacon experiments to specify ideal frequency and time schedule.
* Operation of permanent amateur radio station for routing emergency messages in case of failure of direct link.
The XV expedition returned in March 1996 after completing the scientific programmes. The results obtained are being analysed in the participating Institutions.
Logistic tasks for the XV Antarctic Expedition
Following logistics tasks set for XV expedition.
i) Completion of the remaining work on garage-cum-workshop for vehicle maintenance.
ii) Completion of the remaining work for balloon launching shelter required for IMD experiments.
iii) Erection of Ice-core drill shelter on sledge.
iv) Installation and commissioning of garbage and toilet incinerators.
v) Installation of fuel tanks.
vi) Commissioning of 2 German gen sets of 62.5 KVA each.
vii) Routine maintenance and repair of the station specially thermal sealing of windows and floors and repair of roof.
viii) Upkeep of electrical and structural aspects of the station and also the fire fighting equipments.
ix) Proper earthing of Maitri Complex so as to avoid both electrical and static charges interfering with functioning of instruments.
While the tasks at i) and ii) are continuing, all others have been completed.
POLYMETALLIC NODULES PROGRAMME
Survey and Exploration
The activities envisaged were:
* The survey and exploration efforts continue to be directed to assess the relative abundance of nodules in identified blocks and in relation to the seabed geomorphology through grab sampling and spot photography.
* Collection of time series environmental data by installing mooring systems in the central Indian ocean basin (CIOB).
* Updating of resource evaluation on the basis of the deep tow survey done during 1994-95 in the minesite.
* Planing & design of Environment Impact Assessment(EIA).
* Identification of additional 10% of the pioneer area for relinquishment.
The progress made during 1995-96 include grab sampling, spot photographs from the CIOB towards completion of the 12.5 Km grid sampling in the identified blocks. Three deep sea mooring systems were installed in a triangular configuration in the potential minesite area for collection of baseline time series Oceanographic data.
The sub-bottom profile data & side scan sonar data collected during deep tow camera survey and photographs collected in selected area by deep tow camera have been used for validating the resource estimates.
Extractive Metallurgy
Following were achieved during 1995-96:
* Completion of four pilot plant campaigns (larger scale) each at Regional Research Laboratory(RRL), Bhubaneswar and National Metallurgical Laboratory(NML), Jamshedpur towards standardisation of the process parameters on pilot plant scale and material balance information.
* Additional supportive experiments for narrowing down the gap areas.
* Selective scaling up studies at RRL, Bhubneswar and NML, Jemshedpur for standardising the flow sheet and for generation of basic engineering data.
* Commissioning of 5 litre autoclave and completion of compaigns at Hindusthan Zinc Ltd.(HZL), Udaipur.
* Two pilot plant compaigns completed at RRL, Bhubaneswar and NML, Jamshedpur completed three pilot plant campaigns.
* Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (Uranium and Rare earths Division) Bombay is undertaking supportive experiments for improvement of Cobalt recovery by using Cobalt bearing cake produced at RRL, Bhubneshwar and NML, Jamshedpur.
* At HZL, Udaipur 5 ltr. autoclave was commissioned and batch scale trials undertaken.
Mining
The following activities were envisaged:
* Development and testing of upgraded version of Remotely Operated Vehicle(ROV) and shallow water sand mining system on pilot plant scale.
* Development of shallow bed sand mining system for Indian Rare Earths Limited.
* Commissioning of EIA study at Chavara site.
* Design and development of multiuser subsystems i.e. underwater communication, robotics, manipulator, hyperbaric test facility, corrosion prevention technology for deep sea applications.
Among the above studies, design and development of the upgraded version underwater ROV for operation depths of upto 250 mtrs. is in progress at the Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur. A sand mining system for heavy mineral sand from the shallow depth ocean off Chavara coast in Kerala on a pilot scale has also been taken up.
EIA study at Chavara offshore mine site commissioned. The participating institute collected two seasons data. Designing of hyperbaric test facility is in progress at NIOT, Madras.
EXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES
Department carries out the task of survey to locate and map the resources potential, living and non-living with the help of its own vessels ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar. In year 1995-96, ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar Sampada were instrumental in carrying out the multidisciplinary survey and exploration activity in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea with the participation of various CSIR and ICAR institutes viz. NIO, NGRI, PRL NCL, CMFRI, IFP, CIFT etc. In this year , ORV Sagar Kanya has covered 11 cruises whereas FORV Sagar Sampada has completed 9 cruises. FORV Sagar Sampada was also deployed to Antarctic waters from December 1995 to March 1996 for exploration of krill and other marine living resources.
COASTAL ZONE AND ISLANDS
Marine Satellite Information Service (MARSIS)
The following progress were made during 1995-96:
* SST and PFZ maps were generated and disseminated regularly. PFZ dissemination centres increased to 174.
* Developed wet-land maps for Karnataka (13 maps), Goa (6 maps) and Maharashtra (29 maps).
* Developed shore-line change maps for Goa (6 maps), Gujarat (60 maps) and Andhra Pradesh (50 maps).
* Completed preliminary studies on ocean surface wind vector from ERS-I scatterometer and generated fortnightly and monthly mean maps of wind vector for one year. Operational production of these maps are now possible if regular scatterometer data is available.
* An algorithm for estimation of latent heat flux using surface level humidity and SST data developed, and is undergoing validation.
* The project on internal waves has been completed. Internal waves are characterised using the IRS and ERS - 1 data. The information on internal waves have many potential applications like off-shore operations, sub-marine communications, ocean productivity etc.
* About 26 drifting buoys (19 Low cost + 7 Multiparametre) were deployed in the Arabian sea, Bay of Bengal and Equatorial Indian Ocean for collection of in-situ Met-Ocean data. 3 Multiparameters and 2 directional wave track buoys were moored off the Goa coast and Gulf of Kuchch for collection of surface data and wave data.
* A model which explains intensification of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal has been developed. The model will help to predict cyclones.
* A pilot project on the creation of coastal Zone Information System (CZIS) for Rameswaram Taluk and Mahanadi Estuary mangrove region has been completed. An atlas of the Indian Ocean SST which depicts the monthly and seasonal average distribution of SST and another atlas on chlorophyll -a of the Northern Indian Ocean have been prepared.
Short-falls and suggested corrective measures
Integration of chlorophyll data to refine the PFZ advisory, could not be achieved due to the delay in the launch of the US satellite `Sea star'. However, Sea WiFs Data analysis software (seaDAS) is in the final stage of development. Refinement of PFZ advisories as envisaged in MARSIS -Phase II will be possible only after the launch `sea star'.
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS)
In order to monitor the levels of various marine pollutants in the coastal and offshore waters of the country and to assess the health of our seas, a programme on Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction Systems (COMAPS) is under implementation since 1989. Data on 25 parameters are collected from 77 locations with the help of 10 institutions. Based on the data collected from 1989 to 1991, intensive monitoring of pollutants in 25 locations designated as hotspots is being done for 2-3 seasons a year. The details of progress made include:
i) Data on 25 pollution parameters was collected at 77 locations to determine the trend of increase or decrease of pollution. The results confirmed similar state of pollution in areas identified as low, medium and high concentrations of pollutants.
ii) In order to assess the performance of the COMAPS units of the Department of Ocean Development two inter-laboratory exercises were conducted and organised a Workshop on "Nutrients in Seawater" during 13th-17th November, 1995.
iii) The stage 1 of the mathematical model, to study the flow pattern of pollutants in Thane Creek was completed.
Island Development Programme
Progress made during the year include:
* Training for the fishermen on prawn culture initiated under project of prawn culture project where technique for culture of prawns under acidic soil conditions were successfully demonstrated.
* Techniques for deployment of artificial structures as a substratum for aggregation of coral reef being developed.
Sea Level Monitoring And Modelling (SELMAM)
Progress made during the year include:
* Completed the cabin construction at Kavaratti, Madras, Cochin, Visakhapatnam and Tuticorin.
* Installed acoustic tide gauges at Goa, Visakhapatnam and Madras. Commissioned the tide gauge stations at Vishakhaptnam and Madras
* Fabricated 7 improved stilling wells.
* Fabricated of 7 digital type Float gauges.
* Held an international workshop on Sea Level Data Analysis for Asia-Pacific countries at Survey of India.
* Completed scribing, Scripting and final printing of the coastal area maps for the stretch Nellore to Machalipatnam.
MARINE INSTRUMENTATION AND SYSTEMS
Performance of the programme during 1995-96 is as follows:
* Nine shore stations which were commissioned during 1994-95 have been operationalised to demonstrate the advantage of the system to the fishermen.
* The Annual Maintenance Contract for maintaining and servicing of the radio telephones at the shore stations and the walkie-talkie sets distributed to the fishermen, was awarded for a duration of one year.
* The basic work for establishing shore to fishing vessel communication system in the other coastal states and Union Territories viz. West Bengal, Orissa, Pondicherry, A&N Islands in the East Coast and Gujarat, Maharashtra, North Goa and Lakshadweep Islands in the West Coast, was initiated.
* With a view to assisting the small-scale mechanised sector in locating the fishing ground and location of the vessel at sea, orders for developing integrated Global Positioning System Navigator-cum-Fish Finder, were awarded to M/s Aerospace Ltd. and Bharat Electronics Ltd., through M/s Electronics Research and Development Corporation, Trivandrum.
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND SPECIALISED MANPOWER
The objective of the programme is to provide support to the research projects and develop the specialised manpower in the field of oceanography. During the year 1995-96 support was continued to 10 institutions/universities working on the national project "Drugs from Ocean". Besides 17 ongoing projects were also supported. During the year 1995-96, seven new projects were recommended by the Research Advisory Committee. The second phase under "Drugs from Ocean " has concluded in March 1996.
The Department is also granting fellowships/associateships for undertaking research in the various fields of ocean sciences. A total number of around 200 Research Fellows and Research Associates were given assistance since the inception of this programme in 1984. There are at present around 60 research personnels who are presently working in various universities and institutions and getting financial support by the department . During the year 1995-96, 18 new Research personnel were approved by the Deptt. in various institutes/Universities.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SHIPS
National Institute of Ocean Technology
During the year, following achievements were made:
Wave Energy
A mathematical model for optimisation of the spacing of the Caisson for Thangaserry breakwater has been developed and structural design of the caisson and details of construction is completed. A 5 KW excitation controller for induction generator to deliver constant power output has been developed. A design of a Slurry Pumping System using Jet pump has been completed.
Deep-Sea Technology and Ocean Mining
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of shallow water mining was taken up. A special inspection vehicle has been developed to inspect the underwater tunnels.
Coastal Zone Studies
NIOT's focus in this area is technology oriented dealing with development and application of mathematical models to predict and monitor the changes of the coast line.
A base line survey to determine the effect of discharge of the effluent from coastal aquaculture farms located all along the Indian Coast was completed.
Marine Instrumentation
Relatively inexpensive instrument has been developed for the measurement of velocity Profile.
A Consultancy work taken up to conduct geotechnical investigations on various bore hole samples relating to Ennore Coal Port in Tamil Nadu is completed.
Coastal Research Vessels
During the year, a design review was made and a few mid course corrections in the design was carried out in order to attain the desired draft and stability. 80% construction of the vessel has been achieved. Meanwhile, a shipping company to run, maintain and manage the vessel has been selected. Recruitment of staff for the Vessel Management Cell at NIOT, Madras also completed.
National Data Buoy Programme
The department constituted a Tender Evaluation Committee to evaluate the technical and financial offers of two Norwegian companies. The Committee met twice and furnished recommendations. An EFC Memo to facilitate operation of the programme has been prepared and circulated.
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS & CO-OPERATION PROGRAMMES
Contributions to International Commissions and organisations were continued. Under the JGOFS programme, Sagar Kanya was used for collection of JGOFS data on physical, chemical, biological and geological parameters in the Arabian Sea.
INFORMATION AND AWARENESS
National Ocean Information System (NOIS)
Nine data centres have become functional and are engaged in the storage and dissemination of data to the users. The achievements made were:
i) Review of finalised formats for storage and exchange of data for all type of data under the purview of NOIS.
ii) Popularisation of NOIS programme
iii) Development of guidelines for data exchange
Exhibitions & Fairs
Trade Fair Authority has proposed to consolidate science pavilions at one place. Despite efforts, Department could not acquire the pavilion space on permanent basis. Therefore, in 1995-96 also the Department was unable to participate in the International Trade Fair. However, an exhibition on "Useful Oceans" was conducted in Goa during the month of September.
Marine Aquaria, Oceanaria, Etc.
During the year, the locations selected for construction of oceanarium in Goa were reviewed and due to lack of response on the earlier locations, Miramar beach was selected for establishment of oceanarium. Accordingly proposals were reinvited through global advertisements. A document on requirements for the Oceanarium was finalised and circulated among the companies which had expressed interest in construction of Oceanarium on BOOM basis. The Government of Goa, agreed to provide a land area of 32,000 sq. mtrs for the Oceanarium complex on lease basis.
EXPLORATION OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES
The FORV Sagar Sampada completed 13 cruises relating to studies on relationship of chemical and biological oceanographic parameters and abundance of living resources in the Arabian Sea. Extensive training programmes on living resources also conducted on board.
ORV Sagar Kanya undertook 14 cruises in the fields of chemical, physical and geological oceanography. Air-sea interaction studies to understand the role of oceans in climate change were also undertaken.
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CHAPTER II C
Activities/Targets for 1996-97
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ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME
During the year 1996-97 the XVI Indian Antarctic Expedition will be launched towards achieving a part of the long term scientific objectives as laid down in the ten years work profile prepared by the Department.
The scientific experiments that are envisaged for this expedition are as follows:
* Continuation of study of ozone and minor constituents of the Antarctic atmosphere using millimeter wave radiospectorometer, laser heterodyne system and ozonesonde ascents.
* Archival of meteorological parameters for use in climate modelling and prediction.
* Geological and geophysical investigations of Central Dronning Maudland with the objectives of reconstructing the geological evolution of the area vis-a-vis the Gondwannaland reconstruction.
* To participate in the Structure and Evolution of Antarctic Lithosphere (SEAL) project under collaboration with the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedtion.
* Retrieval of 250 m ice cores for carrying out studies on paleo climate and environment.
* The unique position of Maitri will be used to study the phenomenons of optical aurora during daytime and proton precipitation in the ionosphere.
* Studies on geomagnetic field and its effect on human behaviour using an array of fluxgate magnetometers.
* Biopotentials of Antarctic microbes in low temperature catalytic activities and bio- technology.
* Survey and assessment of living resource potentials of the Antarctic waters.
* Snow drift and albedo studies of Antarctic ice mass.
* Studies on adaptations of human beings in harsh conditions.
* Experiments on Polar horticulture with an attempt to develop packages for growing protected polar vegetation in Antarctica.
* Development of an environment monitoring protocol by creating a base line data bank on various parameters.
* Upgradation of HF link using modem and computer interfacing.
* Use of clean energy sources like wind and sun in Antarctica.
* Upgradation of laboratory facilities at Maitri consumate with the requirements for conducting the above scientific programmes.
* Augmentation of the MI room, library and lounge facilities of Maitri.
* Augmentation of power generation systems and creation of a redundant water supply system.
Antarctic Study Centre
The construction of the phase I of the Antarctic Study Centre (ASC) comprising of logistics, administrative and residential blocks, is expected to be completed during this period. The phase II of the Centre comprising of the scientific laboratories and other allied support systems will be followed thereafter. The Expert Group on ASC has already recommended the creation of seven laboratories pertaining to the various disciplines of Polar Sciences that needs to be setup at ASC. This will include a unique facility for studying ice cores for conducting research on paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. The low temperature laboratory complex envisaged under this project will be a national facility to undertake research on ice cores retrieved both from Antarctica and the Himalayas. In addition, ASC will have a polar library, museum and a state of art data repository system.
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS : Rs. 20.00 crores.
POLYMETALLIC NODULES PROGRAMME
During the year following activities will be taken up:
Survey & Exploration
* Spot sampling at 5 km grid in pre selected blocks of 25 km X 25 Km.
* Collection of time series oceanographic data using deep sea mooring systems.
* Planning, designing and conducting Environmental Impact Assessment study in Central Indian Ocean Basin.
* Updating the geostatistical resource evaluation based on closer grid sampling.
Extractive Metallurgy
* Five Pilot plant Compaigns each for the following process routes will be completed:
i) Roast Reduction Ammoniacal Leach Route at NML, Jamshedpur.
ii) Ammoniacal sulphur dioxide leach Route at RRL, Bhubaneswar.
* Batch scale experiments to continue on acid -leach pressure route at HZL, Udaipur to firm up the process package for pilot plant.
* Supportive laboratory experiments on the basis of process gaps identified during the pilot plant compaigns.
Mining
* Development fabrication and testing of an upgraded version of Remotely Operated Vehicle(ROV). The data generated during testing would be analysed for further improvement.
* Design and development of sand mining system for exploitation of heavy mineral bearing sand and testing off Chavara in shallow water.
* Environmental Impact Assessment: Biological, Physical and Chemical. oceanographic data would be generated at Chavara in the vicinity, of the test pit. Predictive model on shore line changes would be carried out by participating institutions i.e. National Institute of Ocean technology(NIOT) with inputs from Ocean Engineering Centre IIT, Madras.
* Numerical modelling of coastal process.
* Design and development of multiuser subsystems i.e. underwater communication, robotics and underwater manipulator. This activity will be undertaken at NIOT.
* Design and testing of material for deep sea applications: This activity includes study and designing of hyperbasic facility and corrosion prevention technology.
Total Fund requirement for the Polymetallic Nodules Programme for the year 1996-97 will be Rs. 9.00 crores.
EXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES
Department will continue its task of survey to locate and map the resources potential, living and non-living with the help of its own vessels ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar. In year 1995-96, ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar Sampada will perform multidisciplinary survey in geological oceanography, biological oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography and exploration activity in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea with the participation of various CSIR and ICAR institutions.
An amount of Rs.7.33 Crores and Rs.5.80 Crores will be required for ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar Sampada respectively.
COASTAL ZONE AND ISLANDS
Marine Satellite Information Service (MARSIS)
The activities planned during the year are as follows:
* SST and PFZ maps will be generated and disseminated regularly. Centres for PFZ dissemination will be increased.
* Retrieval of Chlorophyll and primary productivity data from Sea WiFs. The data will be input to further refine the PFZ advisories.
* Digitisation of the coastal zone data on wet-lands, shore-line changes, erosional and depositional features for the states of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh & West Bengal and their archieval at the MARSIS centres.
* Generation of maps on monthly mean surface currents.
* Atlases on seasonal and annual wave energy potential are expected to be completed by March 97.
* The shallow water wave hind-casting/ forecasting model for the Indian coast is expected to be completed and validated.
* Studies on the 7 component model of marine ecosystem in the mixed layer will be completed and sensitivity studies from Carbon flux point of view to various parameters will be under taken.
* Development of a Coastal Zone data base for Tamil Nadu, Orrisa and West Bengal. Completion of the application project "Remote Sensing and GIS for Harbour area management and Development" and "Chilka Lagoon information System".
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS : Rs. 4.0 crores.
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS)
The programme on monitoring of marine pollution with collection of data at 77 locations on the stipulated 25 parameters will be continued. Inter-calibration exercises to estimate quality of data will be undertaken. The mathematical model on Thane creek will be field tested using the field data collected.
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS : Rs. 2.0 crores.
Sea Level Monitoring And Modelling (SELMAM)
The targetted activities for 1996-97 are as follows:
* Completion of cabin construction at Porbander, Machlipatnam and Paradeep.
* Commissioning of Tide gauge stations at Porbander, Cochin, Tuticorin, Machalipatnam, Paradip and Kavaratti.
* Modelling activities on Sea Level variations; storm surges, tsunamis etc.
* Continuation of the Project `Sea Level Variability in the Coastal region of India. Development and trail run of the mathematical model for the circulation the west coast of India.
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS : Rs. 80 Lakhs
Island Development Programme
The projects relating to rejuvenation of Corals in A & N island will be continued. Infrastructural facilities at ANCOD will be strengthened. An amount of Rs.20 lakhs will be required for this purpose.
MARINE INSTRUMENTATION AND SYSTEMS
The targets set for the programme during 1996-97 is as follows:
* During 1996-97, 12 shore stations under Phase-II of the Project "Shore to Fishing Vessel Communication System" will be operationalised with the distribution of about 130 walkie- talkie sets to the fishermen living in the vicinity of each of these shore stations. These facilities will be maintained and operated for a duration of one year for demonstrating the technology and its usefulness, to the fishermen.
* Hundred numbers of integrated GPS-cum-Fish Finder will be distributed to selected beneficiaries in the maritime states and the Union Territories and the scheme will be operationalised.
* R&D activities for modernisation of some of the existing instruments are also proposed to be continued.
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS : Rs. 2.0 crores.
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND SPECIALISED MANPOWER
During this year the other 17 ongoing projects relating to Ocean sciences will continue. Under Manpower Programme new research personnel are expected to be appointed in various Universities/Laboratories. During the year 1996-97 new projects are likely to be approved by the Research Advisory Committee. An amount of Rs.2.2 crores is required for Assistance for research projects, seminars, symposia etc. and amount of Rs.0.20 crores is required for Manpower Training in Ocean research & Management for the year 1996-97.
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS : Rs. 2.4 crores.
DRUGS FROM THE SEA
The ongoing programme on development of drugs which was funded under Research & Development programme will be separated from 1996-97 onwards. The phase-III of the programme will be initiated for which Rs.2 crores will be required during 1996-97. During this phase refinements of techniques to isolate bioactive substances from marine organisms will be continued.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SHIPS
National Institute of Ocean Technology
The targetted activities are as follows:
Wave Energy
Work on specific technology development for hybrid power system consisting of a diesel generator and wave energy system for remote islands is proposed to be completed. Computer simulation of the new power module will be completed. New power module will be tested in the experimental wave energy plant at vizhinjam.
Deep Sea Technology and Ocean Mining
Hyperbaric test facility to test the engineering properties of materials under very high pressures will be designed.
Coastal Zone Studies
Two projects were undertaken by NIOT to study the changes in the shoreline, such as erosion due to increase in construction activity in harbour. The work of the projects will be completed by early 1996. Design of a detached breakwater as a shore protection will be completed.
Marine Instrumentation
An in-house technology development programme initiated to develop an acoustic tide gauge is proposed to be carried out.
Development of remotely operable sea skimmer (ROSS) is expected to be ready by 1997.
Preliminary work on mathematical modelling, calibration and design of Directional Wave Rider Buoy is under progress.
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS : Rs. 2.4 crores.
Coastal Research Vessels
After delivery of the vessels in August/September 1996, the vessel will be commissioned and utilised for the COMAPS programme. Instrumentation capabilities will be strengthened and a Multi- beam echo sounder for sea-bottom mapping will be fitted in one of the vessels. In order to complete the constructions and to run, maintain and manage the vessels, an amount of Rs.3.1 crores is required for this programme during the year 1996-97.
National Data Buoy Programme
The project is expected to begin in middle of 1996 after obtaining the approval of the Government. Two data buoys equipped with all the sensors will be deployed in the coastal waters near the major Indian ports to collect the required data.
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS : Rs. 2.0 crores.
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS & CO-OPERATION PROGRAMMES
During the year 1996-97 also contributions to International Commissions like CCAMLR, UNCLOS, Regional Sea programme and organisations will be continued. A new scheme on Delineation of continental shelf will be initiated. The modelling component of JGOFS programme will be initiated in 1996 at Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation, Bangalore. Fourth multi-disciplinary oceanographic cruise, approximately of 30-days will be conducted on board ORV SAGAR KANYA.
Being the Member of Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), the Department has initiated actions to develop capabilities to exploit living resources specially krill. The Department has supported few programmes in developing countries, like assistance towards setting up of tide gauges in Vietnam. To promote the regional cooperation in the field of environment management in South Asian Region, an action plan was finalised and was adopted by South Asian management countries viz. Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Activities relating to priority areas of action will be initiated.
Financial Requirements : Rs. 40 lakhs.
INFORMATION AND AWARENESS
National Ocean Information System (NOIS)
All the National Marine Data centres will be operationalised and compaigns will be made for popularisation of NOIS programme to enhance the number of users. Co-ordination will be made between the data centres and the data generating institutions for increasing the inflow of data into the system. An amount of Rs. 50 lakhs is required to carry out the operational activities of this programme.
Exhibitions & Fairs
During the year 1996-97 the Deptt. will be participating in the International Trade Fair at Pragati Maidan if it is able to procure the pavilion space. The Department will also conduct exhibitions at various places in the country. For the year 1996-97 an amount of Rs. 20 lakhs is required for this programme.
Marine Aquaria, Oceanaria, Etc.
During the year selection of a bidder will be completed and the proposal selected for construction of oceanarium in Goa on BOOM basis will be processed towards construction of the oceanarium. Progress on construction will also be monitored.
Financial requirements : Rs. 10 Lakhs.
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CHAPTER III
Appraisal of Performance of Major Programmes/Projects
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ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME
The Antarctic Research Programme which was initiated on a modest scale in 1981 has since taken shape into a major national programme that has a distinct multi-institutional and multi- disciplinary approach. Fifteen scientific expeditions have been launched on a regular annual basis which has carried out research work in the thrust areas of polar sciences. Till date, more than 45 national institutions have participated as scientific and logistic components of the expedition thereby putting just over a thousand Indians in the icy continent.
The first Indian station, Dakshin Gangotri which was established on the ice-shelf in 1984 has since outlived its life and has been replaced by a modern and indigenously built station `Maitri' which was established in the Schirmacher Oasis in 1988. Maitri is equipped to provide comfortable living facilites for 25 persons on a year round basis and has several laboratories to carry out research in the frontier areas of Antarctic science. So far, 8 technical reports have been published and three reports are presently under publication. Approximately, 300 scientific papers have been published in various national and international journals.
By virtue of our sustained scientific interest in Antarctica India has acquired Consultative Status in the Antarctic Treaty System. She is also member of the various international bodies affiliated to the Antarctic Treaty System. India has been able to decisvely influence the outcome of the negotiations leading to the adoption of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty adopted in 1991.
The policy of the Department of Ocean Development, which is the nodal agency responsible for planning and executing of Indian Antarctic Expedtions, is to conduct a carefully balanced and optimum programme of contemporary science that is relevant to India and the globe at a large through which it is possible to maintain an active and influential presence of India in Antarctica. The Department constantly evolves scientific programmes mainly in consultation with the national laboratories and institutes which responds to the changes and priorities of the nation. The strategy for framing long term research activities has been judiciously carried out with a clear cut focus on three basic and mutually dependant factors namely, science, logistics and economics. Over the years, a distinct impetus on scientific objectives have resulted into doubling of the scientific team component over the logistic team and an overall reduction of the total team strength.
In brief, the benefits of the scientific research to India carried out from Antarctica are as follows:
* Studies of Antarctic climate with the aim to build a climatological data set for use in predicting and forecasting the Indian monsoons.
* Studies on ozonehole and its influence over the climatic pattern of the southern Indian Ocean.
* Windows and limitations of long distance HF communication has been understood and successfully applied to establish effective HF radio communication link between Antarctica and mainland.
* Geological mapping of hitherto unmapped areas of Schirmacher Oasis and Wolhthat mountains has helped to understand the correlation of this area with peninsular India.
* Findings of the studies on human adaptations in cold conditions and isolations can be applied to the frontier regions of the country .
* Microbes present in Antarctic can be used for human and organic waste degradation in cold regions of Himalayas like Siachen.
* Technology transfer on a commercial basis as a spin-off of the SODAR instrument developed in Antarctica for studying inland environmental pollution.
* Research and development in cold temperature technology in designing prototype toilet incinerators, generators and low temperature structures used in Antarctica has been deployed in colder regions of the country.
* Availability of trained manpower pool to work in extreme cold, harsh and isolated conditions have been generated from the expeditions.
* The Indian Navy and Air Force by virtue of their participation in the expeditions have gained professional expertise of the highest order in snow-ice navigation under adverse climatic conditions.
POLYMETALLIC NODULES PROGRAMME
The Polymetallic Nodules Programme envisaged eventual exploitation of the nodules from the allotted minesite in the revision.
As commercial mining of nodules according to international forecasts may not be feasible till 2010, development of technologies for mining from the deep ocean may be viewed as contribution to a long term objective. The department appointed two committees headed by Shri M. Gopalkrishna, Addl. Secretary and Shri B.K. Rao Ex-Secretary Ministry of Mines to suggest alternative uses of technologies for intermediate applications. The entire mining programme has been reoriented on the recommendation of both the committees.
An upgraded version of Remotely Operated Vehicle(ROV) has been designed, developed and tested in shallow depth of 5 Mts. by Central Mechanical Engineering Research institute(CMERI), Durgapur. A 2nd generation ROV is being developed by CMERI simultaneously with a shallow water sand mining system for pilot sand mining off Chavara coast, Kerala. Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) study has been commissioned and started at the test mining site off Chavara.
The Survey and Exploration endeavour is aimed at firmly establishing the resource potential on the basis of progressive closer grids sampling, spot photographs. Topography of the pioneer area has been completely covered by hydrosweep. The abundance pattern vis-a-vis the geomorphology is established along with upgradation of the resource evaluation techniques on the basis of one lakh photographs obtained from the minesite. Three moored systems have been deployed in the pioneer area for continuous time series oceanographic data collection. The analysis of the data will reveal the environmental condition at over various depths over a period of time in the pioneer area of the Central Indian Ocean
For the extraction of metals from the nodules, three metallurgical routes are pursued at National Metallurgical Laboratory(NML), Jamshedpur, Regional research Laboratory(RRL), Bhubaneshwar and Hindusthan Zinc Ltd. (HZL), Udaipur. Pilot plant campaigns of 100 kg per day capacity are continued at RRL and NML for optimising the process parameters for recoveries of Copper, Nickel and Cobalt. At HZL batch scale experiments are conducted for firming the process package.
COASTAL ZONE AND ISLANDS
Marine Satellite Information Service (MARSIS)
Under the MARSIS programme Sea Surface Temperature (SST) maps were made operationally available since November, 1991. These maps are used in the delineation of PFZ advisories. Another achievement is the generation and dissemination of Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) advisories on an operational basis, since February 92. The advisories reach about 174 fish landing centres twice a week through fax, telex, telephones etc. The data-product has found good acceptability among the fisherman. Other areas where appreciable work has been completed, includes;
(a) Creation of MARSIS centres : MARSIS centres with necessary infrastructural facilities for effective archival and dissemination of the data/ data products have been created at National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) Hyderabad, National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) Goa, Central Marine Fisheries Institute (CMFRI) Kochi, Institute of Ocean Management (IOM) Madras and Orissa Remote Sensing Application Centre (ORSAC) Bhubaneswar.
(b) Coastal Area Studies : Shore-line change maps and wet-land maps for Kerala and Tamil Nadu in 1:50,000 scale have been prepared. These, maps are highly useful to the state governments, and central ministries for planning management of coastal zone. Coastal area maps on wet lands, shoreline changes, Erosional / depositional features etc. for all the maritime states of India (except Tamil Nadu and Kerala) is taken up and is in various stages of completion.
(c) Coral Reef Maps : All the coral-areas of India have been mapped. This include Gulf of Kuchch, Gulf of Mannar, Lakshdweep and Andaman Nicobar islands.
Besides, other possible data products such as Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) Variations, maps on latent Heat fluxes, weekly averaged Sea level eddy wind vector maps, model for hindcast/ forecast of wave conditions, wave energy potential atlases have been taken up for operationlisation.
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS)
Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS) is a continuing programme since 1989, for monitoring the level of various marine pollutants and its impacts on marine fauna and flora of the country. Data collected through this programme is essential to formulate remedial measures to protect health of our marine environment. Data on 25 environmental parameters including pesticides, heavy metals and other pollution indicating parameters like dissolved oxygen, pathogenic bacterial are being monitored.
The national and state institutions which are participating in the programme have been fully strengthened to undertake all activities stipulated for this programme. Further, a full-fledged chemical laboratory has been set up at A&N Centre for Ocean Development (ANCOD). The programme has demonstrated our capabilities in environmental issues.
The programme has identified for the first time areas of low, moderate and high concentrations of pollutants in the seas around India. This has helped the State Pollution control Boards to take control as well as remedial measures particularly in areas of moderate and high concentration of pollutants and to take preventive measures in other areas. The data and information collected has also been useful in taking decisions on location of industries and determining human settlements.
Island Development Programme
The programme has accomplished following activities which are beneficial islands :
* Development of technology for culture of prawns under the acidic soil conditions in Andaman islands and training for traditional fishermen on prawn culture.
* Deployment of structures for rejuvenation of coral reef.
* Initiating a programme for developing a cost effective cage design for culture of ornamental fishes for traditional fishermen.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SHIPS
National Institute of Ocean Technology
The major objective of NIOT is to initiate and develop new technologies for harnessing ocean resources. As the ocean field is quite large, the work of NIOT is mandated to be carried out under four specific missions as indicated in the Chapter of Introduction. The major achievement of NIOT so far has been development of a new generation power module required in the wave energy project. Through intensive design and modelling an improved air turbine with a variable speed induction generator has been designed and fabricated. The new power module has been installed in the Wave energy plant and its performance is being studied.
Coastal Research Vessels
The coastal research vessels are essential to ensure coverage of sea areas for monitoring of pollution and to facilitate systematic on board analysis of samples collected to analyse various parameters. The progress made for construction of the vessels is being periodically evaluated through technical experts and it has been found that the construction of the vessels is as per the revised schedule.
INFORMATION AND AWARENESS
National Ocean Information System (NOIS)
The programme has facilitated storage of data generated in the fields of Ocean Science and Technology in a systematic manner and also its disseminated as per the stipulated guidelines. The expenditure incurred in the creation of facilities for their storage and dissemination has led to establishment of an organised set up in the ocean data sector.
EXPLORATION OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES
The research vessels, Sagar Kanya and Sagar Sampada have been carrying out research on living resources and different fields of Oceanography respectively. The vessels have been performing to the extent that the planned investigations could be completed as per the targets.
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CHAPTER IV
Summary of Financial Requirements
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CHAPTER V
Explanation of Financial Requirements for 1996-97
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ANTARCTIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME
During the year 1996-97 the XVI Indian Antarctic Expedition will be launched that will be aimed towards achieving a part of the long term scientific objectives as laid down in the ten years work profile designed by the Department. The activities are proposed to be continued in the areas of geology, atmospheric sciences, biological sciences etc as explained in Chapter II C. The benefits of the scientific research to India are given in detail in Chapter III.
In order to continue the scientific activities and maintain the station, it would be necessary to continue the chartering of the ice-breaker along with other logistics activities in the station for which funds to the tune of Rs.20 crores would be required in the year 1996-97.
POLYMETALLIC NODULES PROGRAMME
The Polymetallic Nodule (PMN) programme is a national programme. It consists of the following basic components:
1. Survey & Exploration in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB)
2. Technology Development (Mining)
3. Technology Development (Metallurgy)
It would be one of the potential and promising areas for development of expertise and technologies. The programme is important in more than one way. First, it is the field of new & ocean-related technical area which holds enormous promise for the future. The entire PMN Programme has been reoriented during the middle of the plan period on the basis of the recommendations of different expert committees constituted by the Department to review the programme. The details of the activities proposed to be taken up during 1996-97 are the part of long- term activities planned under the programme and an amount of Rs.9 crores is essential to achieve the targets stipulated.
EXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES
The task of survey to locate and map the resources potential , living and non-living with the help of its own vessels ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar will have to be continued in the coming years as collection of enormous data and information on geological oceanography, biological oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography and exploration activity in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea are essential in order to ensure systematic assessment of resources and also understanding of various oceanographic phenomena which play a vital role in the climate changes, abundance of living resources etc. Therefore, an amount of Rs. 7.33 Crore and Rs. 5.80 Crore will be required for ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar Sampada respectively.
COASTAL ZONE AND ISLANDS
Marine Satellite Information Service (MARSIS)
The MARSIS is on going programme generating information like Potential Fishing Zone which is useful to the coastal fishermen and coastal maps which are useful for land use planning etc. In order to continue the targetted activities during 1996-97 a provision of Rs.4 crore is essential.
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS)
The programme on monitoring of marine pollution with collection of data at 77 locations on the stipulated 25 parameters will have to be continued to know the trends on increase and decrease of pollutants in all the areas where such investigations are being taken up. The pollution modelling programme at Thana creek will be brought to yield inferences on dispension pattern of pollutants. The above studies involve extensive field collection of data for which an amount of Rs. 2.0 crores is essential during 1996-97.
Sea Level Monitoring And Modelling (SELMAM)
The details activities contempted during the year include completion of cabin constructions, commissioning of Tide gauge stations at Porbander, Cochin, Tuticorin, Machalipatnam, Paradip and Kavaratti and modelling activities for which an amount of Rs.80 lakhs is essential.
MARINE INSTRUMENTATION AND SYSTEMS
As already indicated earlier, during 1996-97, 12 shore stations under Phase-II of the Project "Shore to Fishing Vessel Communication System" will be operationalised and maintained. 100 numbers of GPS-cum-fish finder will also be distributed to fishermen for locating the position of vessel at sea and locating the potential fishing zones. It is also proposed to continue the R&D activities for modernisation of the existing instruments with a view to demonstrating the technology to the traditional and small-scale fishefolk. Keeping the aforesaid in view, an outlay of Rs 2.00 crore has been earmarked for 1996-97.
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND SPECIALISED MANPOWER
It is essential to undertake R & D activities in the ocean sector in order to understand the oceanographic phenomena and to study basic aspects relating to the oceans and its inhabitants. Several ongoing projects will have to be continued. Under Manpower Programme support to research personnel will have to be continued in various Universities/Laboratories. During the year 1996-97 new projects on ocean science & technology will be supported. Therefore, an amount of Rs.2.0 crores is required for Assistance for research projects, seminars, symposia etc. and amount of Rs.0.20 crores is required for Manpower Training in Ocean research & Management for the year 1996-97.
DRUGS FROM THE SEA
The on-going efforts to produce drugs from marine organisms will have to be continued during the phase III of the programme for which Rs.2 crores will be required during 1996-97.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SHIPS
National Institute of Ocean Technology
The activities proposed to be performed are in the fields of wave energy, instrumentation, shallow water mining system and coastal zone management. These activities range from development of technical processes to technology. For continuation of these activities Rs.2.4 crores is essential.
Coastal Research Vessels
The construction of the vessels will have to be completed and after delivery of the vessels, the vessel will have to be commissioned, managed and utilised for the COMAPS programme. These activities require an amount of Rs.3.1 cr. during 1996-97.
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS & CO-OPERATION PROGRAMMES
During the year 1996-97 also contributions to International Commissions and organisations like CCAMLR where India has made commitments will have to be continued. The studies relating to JGOFS will also need to be continued to yield valuable conclusions. An amount of Rs.0.40 crores is required for this programme.
INFORMATION AND AWARENESS
National Ocean Information System (NOIS)
All the National Marine Data centres will have to be made functional and compaigns will have to be made for popularisation of NOIS programme to enhance the number of users. Co- ordination will be made between the data centres and the data generating institutions for increasing the inflow of data into the system. These activities require an amount of Rs. 0.5 cr. during 1996-97.
Exhibitions & Fairs
During the year 1996-97 the Deptt. has decided to participate in the International Trade Fair at Pragati Maidan if it is able to procure the pavilion. The Deptt. will also participate in the exhibitions conducted at various places in Marine Science. To carry out these activities in the year 1996-97 an amount of Rs.0.20 crores is required for this programme.
Marine Aquaria, Oceanaria, Etc.
The proposal selected for construction of oceanarium in Goa will be processed and after awarding the work, construction of the oceanarium will be started by the bidder on Build, Own, Operate and Maintain (BOOM) basis. Progress on construction will also be monitored. These are essential part of the work to be carried under this programme and amount of Rs. 10 Lakhs will be required in 1996-97 to monitor the progress made etc.
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Ministry of Earth Sciences
