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 CHAPTER I
Introduction
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The Department of Ocean Development was created in July,1981 as a part of the Cabinet Secretariat directly under the charge of the Prime Minister. From March,1982 it became a separate Department. Department of Ocean Development has been functioning as a nodal Department for organizing, coordinating and promoting ocean development activities in the country, in line with the Ocean Policy Statement. The salient features of the Policy Statement relate to:
* Need to map living resources, prepare an inventory of commercially exploitable fauna and to map and assess the availability of mineral resources from the deep sea.
* Optimum utilization of living resources and sea weeds, exploitation of non-living resources such as hydrocarbons and heavy placer deposits, harnessing of renewable resources of ocean energy from the waves, temperature difference in water column, etc.
* Technological advances geared to the utilization and preservation of the marine environment.
* Research and development in basic ocean sciences.
* Development of indigenous technology and setting up of infrastructure facilities and services to operate large sized fishing vessels.
* Development of technologies relating to instrumentation, diving systems, position fixing, materials development, oceanic data collecting devices, submersible etc.
* Broadening and strengthening of available infrastructure facilities.
* Establishment of a centralized data system with appropriate mechanism for collection, collation and dissemination of ocean related information both from indigenous and foreign sources.
* Training of skilled manpower and creation of self-reliant technological base.
* Establishment of an integrated legal framework and commitment for its enforcement.
* Cooperation with both developed and developing countries.
* The Department of Ocean Development functions in association with other concerned agencies.
The major thrust areas of development pursued by the Department over the years relate to:
* Development of technologies relating to seabed mining, extractive metallurgy.
* Contribution towards front ranking research in polar sciences.
* Exploration of marine resources and their correlation with oceanographic parameters, studies to evolve exploration parameters and strategies.
* Development of technologies and infrastructure for exploration and sustainable utilization of marine living and non-living resources.
* Developmental activities related to ocean integrated coastal and marine area management, coastal community development, ocean information services, etc., with direct application to the welfare of the society.
* Basic research in Ocean Science and Technology, Human Resource Development, creation of Centres of Excellence in academic institutions and public awareness on the potential and uses of ocean.
The underlying philosophy of the programmes and activities undertaken by the Department of Ocean Development is one of sustainable and environment friendly exploration and utilization of marine living and non-living resources for the socio- economic benefit of the country.
Organizational Set-Up of the Department
The sanctioned strength of the Department, including administrative, technical and supporting staff in 1998-99 was 200 in all grades, attached and subordinate offices included. Out of this, 16 posts were transferred to the newly created autonomous society Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) at Hyderabad during 1999-2000.
The Department has a Project Cell for implementation of Polymetallic Nodules Programme at the Head Quarters and one attached office viz. Sagar Sampada Cell at Kochi. In addition, a Project Directorate for Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM) was set up during 1997-98 at Chennai.
The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai, a registered society under the administrative control of and funded by the Department, functions as a technical arm for development of ocean related technology. During 1998-99, the Antarctic Study Centre (ASC) at Goa which was an attached office, was converted into an autonomous society w.e.f. September, '98, which was renamed as National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR) during May, 1999. Another autonomous society viz. Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) was set up with its head quarters at Hyderabad in February, 1999.
The Research Advisory Committee and National Coordination Committee/Technical Steering Committees identify the thrust areas of research and development and also approve specific projects for implementation. The Cruise Planning and Programme Committees for Ocean Development finalize and approve the cruise programmes for the research vessels. The Department utilizes the resources and manpower from various agencies in the country for implementing the programmes in the Ocean sector.
Major Programmes of the Department
The programmes of the Department which have been reoriented and revamped during the 9th Five Year Plan period cover:-
i) Polar (Antarctic) Science
ii) Marine Living Resources
iii) Marine Non-Living Resources
iv) Marine and Coastal Area Management
v) Ocean Observation & Information Services
vi) Marine Research and Capacity Building
vii) Coastal Community Programmes
viii) Ocean Awareness, and
ix) International Cooperation
While formulating the research and development programmes, stress is laid on accelerated development of applied technology and the benefits these will give to society.
Intensive review and evaluation of the Antarctic research programme had led to revised priorities in scientific programmes taking into consideration the increasing importance and the relevance of Antarctic research in understanding the global change and environment.
In the field of Polymetallic Nodules Programme, emphasis so far had been on the utilization of the technologies in the survey and exploration and mining for immediate use in the Exclusive Economic Zone. However, in the recent years, the programme has been expanded to development of technologies for deep sea mining, recovery of metals, etc.
Priority is also being accorded to integrated coastal and marine area management, ocean observation and information services including use of satellite remote sensing for exploration and sustainable utilization of the living and non-living resources, pollution monitoring, monitoring of climate change, sea level variations, etc., collection and dissemination of oceanographic and meteorological data on real-time basis, development of technologies for tapping ocean energy, coastal and environmental engineering, marine instrumentation, enhancement of marine living resources and coastal community programmes. Continued support is being provided to Universities and R&D Institutions for conducting basic and applied research in various disciplines related to ocean sciences and technology and establishment of Ocean Science and Technology Cells.
India is elected Chairman of the Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) for a two-year term from November, `98. India is a Member of the Antarctic Treaty System with a consultative status, Council of Managers of the National Antarctic Programme, Standing Committee on Antarctic Logistics and Operations, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research and in the Council of International Seabed Authority under Investors category for survey/exploration and exploitation of polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Ocean. India's nominees are also working as elected members in various important institutions established under the UN Convention on Law of the Sea such as: International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Council of the International Seabed Authority (ISBA), Finance Committee of the Authority, Legal and Technical Commission of the Council of the Authority, Finance Committee of ISBA, Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf, etc. India also is actively taking part in the Inter-Governmental Oceanographic Commission, Regional Seas Programme, etc.
Delineation of Outer Limits of Continental Shelf
In accordance with Article 76 of United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), claims of the delineation of the outer limits of the continental shelf are required to be submitted within 10 years of coming into force of the Convention for the country concerned. Since India ratified the convention in June 1995, the claims are required to be submitted to UNCLOS by June 2005. The claims will be based on the hydrographic survey data. India is likely to gain an additional area of about 1 to 1.5 million sq. km outside the Exclusive Economic Zone, where the inherent rights of India can be duly exercised. The basic components of the proposed programme are the baseline survey, bathymetric survey, seismic survey and data processing. A comprehensive programme for this purpose has already been approved by the government, involving an outlay of Rs. 47.46 crore and the entire survey work is expected to be completed by end 2000 and the claim will be submitted to UNCLOS by the end of 2001.
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CHAPTER II
Review of Overall Performance during 1998-99
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2.1 Polar Sciences
The XVIII Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica was launched from Goa on the 14th December 1998. Sixty members, including a complement of 40 scientists drawn from 20 national institutes, organizations and universities participated in this expedition, with increased participation of women scientists, numbering three for the first time. The major scientific objectives of this expedition encompassed a wide spectrum of pure and applied sciences, ranging from atmospheric, biological, environmental, medical, and earth science to path-breaking approaches in the field of engineering and communication. Besides continuing some of the on-going scientific and logistic projects, the members also initiated some new scientific programs and experiments ranging from biodiversity assessment of microbes to thermo-regulatory effect of climatic variables on human subjects in Antarctica, eutrophication analyses of Antarctic lakes, and environmental monitoring with state-of-the-art instrumentation, including a Brewer Spectrophotometer to measure the total ozone concentration, ground UVB radiation, NO2 and SO2 concentrations, etc. on a regular basis. The expedition returned to India during the early half of 1999, along with the members of the XV Winter-over team.
The Scientific Report of the XIV Indian Expedition to Antarctica was also formally released on the 14th December 1998.
National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR)
The National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR), an attached office of the Department of Ocean Development, was converted into an autonomous society under the Societies Registration Act, on the 25th May,1998 and set up through a notification of the government in September,1998. The Computer Centre of NCAOR became functional during 1998. The computing facilities comprising a SUN Ultra-30 work station, an Intel-based Windows NT server, five nodes and related peripherals, will be used for data banking of all Polar Sciences activities as well as those related to PMN programme.
2.2 Marine Living Resources
Assessment of Marine Living Resources
Following six projects were launched during 1997-98:
* Assessment of environmental parameters and the marine living resources (primary and secondary) and the role of Myctophid fauna in the mesopelagic habitat.
* Stock assessment, biology and resource mapping of deep sea shrimps, lobsters and fishes.
* Studies on Deep scattering layers (DSL).
* Harvest technology and catch composition of deep-sea fishery resources.
* Investigation of Toxic Algal Blooms.
* Investigations on the benthic productivity.
The major achievements under these programmes during the period include:
* Compilation of available information on marine living resources, their distribution and their inter-relationship with oceanographic parameters.
* Development of a systematic and standard methodology for carrying out resources survey in the Indian EEZ.
* Upgradation/augmentation of on-board and on-shore facilities with Sagar Sampada Cell, and FSI and the educational institutions.
* Collection and compilation of information/data for assessment of the marine living resources in our EEZ
Drugs from the Sea
The performance under this programme during 1998-99 includes:
* Collection and identification of 200 new marine flora and fauna for chemical extraction and bio-evaluation.
* Continuation of the process of Biological evaluation of 6 organisms possessing anti- viral, anti-diabetic, anti-cholesterol, anti-anxiolytic, wound-healing and larvicidal activities.
* Initiation of clinical trials of Phase-I active extracts and regulatory pharmacology and toxicology.
2.3 Marine Non-living Resources
Polymetallic Nodules Programme
Survey & Exploration
Spot sampling at closer grid of 5 km was commissioned. Total 26 stations were covered. The trends for higher abundance and validation of the block-wise estimation was carried out on the basis of analysis of the samples. The updating of geo-statistical resource evaluation based on 12.5 km. grid sampling in selected blocks was commissioned.
EIA Study
In order to assess the environmental impact of large scale deep seabed mining activity, EIA study was initiated in collaboration with Russian experts. Impact of simulated mining conditions was studied by disturbing the seabed by a special disturber from onboard a chartered vessel. Pre and post disturbance environmental data was collected and analyzed. Monitoring of the biological, geological, chemical and physical parameters in the test site of benthic disturbance would be continued to assess long term impact. The benthic disturbance report on the basis of samplers/data collected with the specialized vessel was prepared.
ROV
The data generated by deploying the upgraded version of ROV which was successfully demonstrated off Madras coast at a depth of 40 m by CMERI were analyzed for facilitating testing at 250 m.
Technology Development (Mining)
* Under the joint collaborative programme between NIOT, Chennai and IKS, University of Siegen, Germany, an integrated mining system was successfully launched up to a depth of 60 m as the first step for demonstration of the system up to a depth of 500 m off Malvan coast.
* Preparation of detailed technical report on the basis of the data collected during the demonstration activities initiated.
* The report will comprise description, design and drawings (excluding fabrication drawings), specification and definition of all hard wares required to realise a manganese nodules mining system along with infrastructure and facilities necessary for assembly, integration, testing for performance evaluation.
* An MoU between Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and DOD was signed. As a follow-up, a collaborative programme with RAS and NIOT, Chennai for design, development and testing of unmanned submersible up to a depth of 6000 m. was initiated
Technology Development (Extractive Metallurgy)
RRL (B) demonstrated a campaign to validate the flow-sheet for extractive metallurgy. The data generated during the campaign was handed over to M/s. EIL as the input to the basic engineering design for 500 kg./day capacity semi-continuous demonstration plant.
BARC demonstrated the downstream part of the flow sheet by using actual leach liquor (nickel-cobalt sulphate) received from RRL(B). The data generated during the campaign was made available to M/s. EIL. The data would form the basis for design and development of 500 kg./day semi-continuous demonstration plant.
2.4 Marine and Coastal Area Management
Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS)
* Systematic collection of data on pollutants such as heavy metals and pesticide residue in water, sediment and biological organisms at 82 stations along the coastline of the country.
* Development of methodologies for the evaluation of assimilative capacities of coastal marine areas for contaminant reduction and models for predicting the dynamics of the pollutants and their ultimate fate using the data generated.
* The programme brought out additional information about the status of marine pollution at the 82 locations along the coastline of the country.
* A glance at the status of pollution indicated that the pollution levels more or less remained unchanged compared to the previous years except in case of Puri where the pollution due to domestic sewage was reduced on account of the installation of sewage treatment plant.
* Inter-calibration exercises on chemical parameters were undertaken once in six months.
* Continued collection of data on chemical and biological pollution and other parameters and intensive monitoring of hot spots.
* Processing of data to draw inference on the levels of pollutants in different parts of the coastal ocean and dissemination of knowledge to the Pollution Control Boards whenever the pollution levels reach alarming levels.
Coastal Research Vessels
During the year 1998-99 Sagar Purvi and Sagar Paschimi completed 41 cruises for pollution monitoring. The performance of the ships and the equipment onboard the vessels was reviewed. Assessment of the scientific contribution of the vessels and the capabilities and upgrading the scientific instruments for successful execution of all the programmes, taken up.
Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM)
Adoption of the framework of ICMAM is the most appropriate way to achieve the ecological balance and sustainable economic development in coastal areas faced with rapid industrialisation, tourism and huge influx of masses from inland areas. ICMAM involves comprehensive assessment and setting of objectives, planning and management of coastal areas and resources, taking into account traditional, cultural and historical perspectives and conflicting interests & uses.
The broad objectives of the ICMAM Capacity Building component are:
* To acquire knowledge relating to advanced tools and techniques for an integrated Management of Coastal and Marine areas and development of expertise to use these tools to meet the present as well as future needs.
* To enhance the capabilities of concerned Government Departments both Central and State and National and State Institutions to deal with the various technical and management issues relating to the Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine environment through capacity building exercises like training, field exercises.
* Development of basic infrastructure and establish facilities to conduct survey, R&D and training on ICMAM related activities.
* To develop capabilities in the coastal States and UTs for adoption of ICMAM through training
* To create a base for human resource development in the fields of ICMAM.
* To ensure sustainable development and management of the ocean resources and enforcement of rules and regulations for regulation of ocean related activities in the ocean zone and make Indian oceans clean and productive.
The performance under this programme during 1998-99 includes:
The Project Directorate established at Chennai took up the following studies during the period under report:
* Demonstration of use of GIS as a Decision Support System (DSS) in the management of critical habitats like mangroves, coral reefs, areas rich in bio-diversity, etc. The tasks involved are collection of data and information in the 11 critical habitats namely, Gulf of Khambat, Gulf of Kutchch, Malvan, 5 islands off Karwar, 3 islands off Kochi, Gulf of Manner, Pitchavaram, Coringa mangrove, Gahirmata, Sunderbans and Kadamat (Lakshadweep) and designing of a database for integration in the GIS software like ARC INFO and ARC VIEW. Data for 2 seasons collected and design for GIS database developed.
* Completion of training on methodology for GIS for critical habitats.
* Consultants for the project on Determination of Waste Assimilation Capacity and Development of Model ICMAM Plans engaged.
* Review of EIA reports for coastal & marine projects completed.
* Completion of design of Instrumentation and Ecotoxicology Labs for National Facility on ICMAM.
2.5 Ocean Observation and Information Services (OOIS)
With a view to synergise and generate reliable coastal and ocean data and data products for supporting coastal and off-shore developmental activities and oceanographic research, the reorganized and revamped Ocean Observation and Information Services (OOIS) was established in 1997-98. The programme consists of four major elements viz., Ocean Observing Systems, Ocean Information Services, Satellite and Coastal Oceanographic Research, and Ocean Modelling & Dynamics.
The major accomplishments under each of these four elements are summarised below:
Ocean Observing Systems
* Retrieval, archival, dissemination of the tidal data and maintenance of Floating Type Digital Tide Gauges (FTDGs) and Acoustic Tide Gauges.
* Operation and maintenance of 12 data buoy net work, generation, analysis of data and supply to operational agencies.
* Deployment of drifting buoys and data acquisition, processing, quality control and archival, Validation of SST retrieval algorithm, preparation of 10 day averaged 1x1c surface velocity climatology.
* Initiated procurement of components and fabrication of arrays, deployment of current arrays, procurement of XBT probes, analysis, interpretation and publishing of annual data.
* Procurement of special equipment, finalisation of annual validation campaigns, procurement of satellite data, collection of met-ocean data.
Ocean Information Services
* Continued generation of SST as in the previous year and experimental product generation based on the developed for the North Indian Ocean.
* Continuation of generation and dissemination of PFZ forecasts.
* Establishment of Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) at Hyderabad as a registered society under the department for executing the Ocean Information Services project.
* Receipt/retrieval of Ocean colour data from IRS-P3 and other foreign satellites, ocean colour sensor data.
* Derivation of the Ocean Colour data products like chlorophyll, suspended sediments and bathymetry.
* Generation and dissemination of integrated PFZ forecast by including various environmental parameters like chlorophyll, suspended sediments, nutrients etc.
* Supporting of Marine Data Centre's promoted by the Department at various national laboratories/institutions.
Satellite Coastal & Oceanographic Research (SATCORE)
* Continuation of R&I activities for upgradation of existing algorithms, initiation of the development of Version I software by using other algorithms and improved models. Packaging and customization of Version I software for retrieval of ocean parameters.
Ocean Dynamics and Modelling (INDOMOD)
* Development of process models for air-sea interaction and sub-grid processes.
* Test run of Ocean Global Circulation Model (OGCM) and validation.
* Formulation of flux schemes/simple atmospheric models for development of an Ocean Model and a hybrid coupled model for the Indian monsoon region.
* Development of data assimilation and forecasting system for horizontal and vertical structure of currents, temperature and salinity in the Indian seas and study of the effect of freshwater discharge from major river system on the circulation.
* Observation part of Land Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) and processing of JGOFS Bay of Bengal proposal.
* Field programme of the Indian JGOFS completed and results integrated.
2.6 Marine Research & Capacity Building
* Twenty two ongoing projects were continued.
* Fifteen new research projects were sponsored.
* Ocean Science and Technology Cells (OSTC) were set up in nine selected Universities located in the coastal states, in the field of Marine Coastal Ecology of east and west coasts, Marine Geology and Geophysics, Marine Microbiology, Coastal Marine Culture Systems, Marine Biology, Marine Placer Deposits, Marine Benthos and Marine Engineering and Underwater Robotics, for promotion of front-ranking research in Ocean Science & Technology and related human resources development.
* Sixty eight new Fellowships were awarded in addition to 34 ongoing fellowships covering different disciplines like Marine Living Resources, Microbial Diversity in Marine Ecosystem, Geo-Chemical Studies of Estuaries and Shelf, etc.
2.7 Coastal Community Programmes
Shore to Fishing Vessel Communication System
Phase-II of the Shore to Fishing Vessel Communication System envisaging establishment of shore stations in two sites in West Bengal; two sites in Orissa; Salegao in North Goa; and Periya Veerampattinam in Pondicherry, was under progress.
Integrated Fish Finder and Navigational Global positioning System (IFFNGS)
Fifty units of IFFNGS were distributed to the fishermen selected by the States of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Goa for demonstrating the usefulness of these systems for locating fishing shoals and the position of fishing vessels in the sea.
Island Development Programme
The project on demonstration of Prawn Culture in Island ecosystem was concluded with the imparting of training to the Islanders. The technology developed and standardised for brackishwater aquaculture in acidic soil was disseminated to the local community. The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) implemented this programme by setting up an autonomous society - Andaman and Nicobar Shrimp Farming Development and Research Agency (ANSFDA). On completion of this project, this society was dissolved by MPEDA with the approval of Ministry of Commerce and the assets and liabilities were taken over by DOD/NIOT. These facilities will be used for implementing the future Island Development Programmes.
The A&N Centre for Ocean Development (ANCOD) set up for coordinating the efforts on the Marine Living Resources in the Island Groups and to implement the ongoing programmes such as monitoring the coastal ocean pollution in the Andaman waters, coral reef rejuvenation, etc., was strengthened by posting a Senior Scientific Officer and by creating the posts of a Technical Officer and a Technical Assistant with supporting Administrative staff.
A multi-institutional programme on Island Development - Enhancement of Marine Living Resources through Sea ranching and sea farming initially for lobster fattening was initiated.
The ongoing pogrammes such as rejuvenation of coral reef, studies on the ecology and environmental aspects of A&N waters etc., were continued. A concerted programme for Island Development as a mission mode project of NIOT was initiated. A pilot demonstration project for lobster fattening was initiated as a part of the marine living resources enhancement programme.
Ocean Awareness
Exhibitions & Fairs, Seminar/Symposia/Workshop etc.
The Department participated in a 16 day long Science Exhibition (SOPAN) having the theme `Science Since Independence' in New Delhi.
The Department also displayed ocean-related technology in the field of Ocean Energy, Deep Sea Mining, etc., by taking part in the `Made in India' Exhibition held at Johannesburg, South Africa from 11th to 14th Feb.,'98 and at the Expo,'98 held at Lisbon during May-September,1998.
In order to create a platform to exchange views among scientists, user communities and general public and also to support the Scientific and Technological activities about 45 International/National Seminar/Symposia/Workshops were sponsored on Ocean related topics during the financial year.
About 50 seminars/symposia/workshops were sponsored.
2.8 International Cooperation
India continued to contribute and participate in the International Seabed Authority, Meeting of State Parties to the Law of the Sea Convention, Antarctic Treaty consultative meetings, Commission on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, International Oceanographic Commission (JGOFS & GOOS) Programmes, Regional Seas Programme and Independent World Commission on Oceans.
On the eve of the International Year of the Ocean, H.E. Mr. Satya Nandan, Secretary General, International Seabed Authority visited India in November 1998 and delivered lectures on contemporary issues in Ocean Policy and Law at Goa, Chennai, Mumbai and Delhi. India was elected Chairman of the CCAMLR for a two-year period from November 1998 to November 2000. India hosted the 1998 Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management meeting at Kochi from 10 - 21 August, 1998.
In commemoration of International Year of the Ocean (IYO), Department had taken up several activities such as organizing special lectures and special oceanographic cruises, distribution of stickers, conducting workshops, signing of ocean charter, printing of stamps and inland letters for promoting the awareness of oceans among public, government and educational institutions, etc. A national symposium on `Oceans our Heritage' on All India Radio, and a panel discussion on `Oceans - Common Heritage of Mankind' on national television (Doordarshan) were organized. Special supplement in daily newspaper "The Hindu" was issued. Signing of "Ocean Charter" by Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, to increase awareness on the importance of oceans and indicating the commitment of this country for protection of seas and preservation of marine resources.
Delineation of Outer Limits of Continental Shelf
The Departmental Vessel ORV Sagar Kanya was deployed in April - May 1998 for delineation of outer limits of continental shelf and a total of 2122 nm of sounding lines were run. The data was collected with the participation of National Institute of Oceanography, National Hydrographic Office, and Geological Survey of India. The specification of parameters for acquisition of seismic data is finalized by Standing Committee on Seismic Survey.
In order to optimise the survey and data collection, an exercise was undertaken to re-quantify the work based on the data available with participating institutions. The Baseline Survey has been initiated by National Hydrographic Office. A continuous monitoring and review mechanism was established with the constitution of (1) Steering Committee and (2) Standing Committees on Bathymetric Survey and Seismic Survey. Indicative Foot of the Slope Map off East Coast and West Coast of India is being reconciled by the participating institutions viz. NHO and GSI which will form the basis for the proposed bathymetric survey. The specification of parameter for seismic data acquisition was finalized.
2.9 National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)
Mission-1: Ocean Energy
* Thermal cycle optimisation and detailed Engineering design of 1 MW Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Plant
* Performance Monitoring of the Wave Energy Plant at Vizhinjam
Mission-2: Deep Sea Technology and Ocean Mining
* Joint Technology Development Programme with University of Siegen, Germany for Development of Underwater Mining System - Underwater Crawler was realised and its performance was demonstrated
* Development of jet pump based Slurry Pumping System
Mission-3: Coastal and Environmental Engineering
* Measurement of Oceanographic parameters along North Madras Coast
* Baseline data collection of aquaculture farms and hydrodynamic modelling
* Groinbased solution suggested for implementation of siltation prevention at Cooum River Mouth
* Experimental investigations on floating breakwater
* Completion of finite element modelling of storm surges along east coast of India
* Completion of mathematical modelling for near shore phenomena
* Tranquility and siltation studies for Calcutta Port Trust
* Numerical model studies for Thottapally Fishing Harbour
* Seabed and hydrographic investigation off Cuddalore for development of single buoy mooring
* Seabed and hydrographic investigation off Gopalpur for development of single buoy mooring
* Thermal dispersion studies for Hinduja and NTPC power plant at Visakhapatnam
* Modelling of watershed soil erosion for RITES
* Review of EIA reports for Ministry of Environment & Forests
* WLA - Completion of 1 survey
* EIA - Review of existing EIAs and draft guidelines
Mission-4: Marine Instrumentation
* A Marine grade ATG was developed indigenously and its performance was tested successfully at Chennai Port Trust continuously for 6 months
* A marker lamp was designed and developed for navigation purpose
* A flexural disc transducer for Acoustic Tide Gauge was developed and being used in the current systems
* Technology demonstrated for a 3-component 5-stage velocity meter and wave height and direction sensor for coastal region
NON-PLAN PROGRAMMES
EXPLORATION OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES USING
FORV SAGAR SAMPADA AND ORV SAGAR KANYA
The FORV Sagar Sampada conducted 10 cruises covering a total track length of 18,531 nautical miles in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. 203 participants from eighteen organizations conducted investigations on Living Resources and environmental factors influencing their distribution, physical transport and exchange process across the shelf of Arabian Sea, effect of winter cooling on bio-geo cycling in the Arabian Sea, quantification of the flux of green house gases in coastal upwelling regions, etc. The other major scientific investigations/research carried out by this vessel during 1998-99 include: radio-isotope studies on circulation patterns of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea, so as to develop a first level circulation pattern model; high resolution palaeo-climate studies near Andaman Island chain; CTD casts, gravity coring, total CO2 and nutrient measurements, etc.
Department will continue its task of survey to locate and map the potential non- living resources with the help of its own vessels ORV Sagar Kanya. In year 1998-99, ORV Sagar Kanya performed 13 multidisciplinary and multi-institutional cruises for assessment of marine non-living resources in our EEZ and beyond, carry out studies on the geological oceanography, biological oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography and exploration activity in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, sea truth data validation of satellite derived oceanographic parameters and validation campaigns for IRS-P3, deployment, retrieval and servicing of data buoys, bathymetric data collection of delineation of Continental shelf, INDOEX, BOBMEX, LOICZ, etc., with the participation of various CSIR Institutions.
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CHAPTER III
Review of Overall Performance during 1999-2000
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3.1 Polar Sciences
The XIX Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica was launched on the 9th December 1999 from Cape Town, South Africa, under the overall coordination and supervision of NCAOR. The launching from South Africa, the first of such an endeavor by the country heralds the beginning of a long-term scientific and logistic co-operation between India and South Africa.
The nineteenth expedition has a summer complement of 22 personnel and a winter component of 25 drawn from 18 different National Laboratories, Universities and Government Organizations. The team seeks to carry out contemporary research in the fields of atmospheric, geological, biological, environmental, medical and engineering and communication. A major impetus during this expedition will be towards contributing to various international scientific campaigns mounted by SCAR. In addition to some of the on-going programs in Antarctica, several new projects on palaenographic studies, microbial community structure, environmental monitoring, application of non-conventional energy sources will be taken up during this expedition. One lady scientist from Peru is also in the team.
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa
The Centre had the unique honor to organize and host the XI meeting of the COMNAP/SCALOP along with a workshop on EIA in Antarctica between 19th and 24th September 1999. The meeting was attended by 79 delegates from 25 Antarctic Treaty Nations including India, and was inaugurated by the Hon. Chief Minister of Goa.
As a part of its on-going efforts to augment its administrative and support wings, NCAOR during the year has initiated action to fill up 21 notified posts in different streams. Plans are also afoot to strengthen its core-competence in different scientific disciplines.
3.2 Marine living Resources
Assessment of Marine Living Resources
* Hydroacoustic studies to establish techniques for estimation of fish, zooplankton and DSL biomass were continued.
* Large Marine Ecosystem studies of the Arabian Sea were carried out.
* Assessment of mesopelagic and demersal resources of the High Seas was carried out. Good grounds for deepsea shrimps and lobsters were located.
* Studies on the benthic biodiversity and the fish biodiversity of the Continental Slope area were continued in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
* FORV Sagar Sampada has so far carried out 11 cruises for the assessment of marine living resources
Drugs from Sea
* Taking up product development for anti-diarrhoea and anti-diabetic drug from marine flora and fauna.
* Initiating regulatory pharmacology and toxicology of the anti-diabetic and anti-diarrhea lead.
* Initiating commercial working of patent on anti-cholesterol molecule.
* Further revamp of the scope of the project by involving new institutions and weeding out old ones based on performance under Phase IV.
* Filing regular international patents for anti-cholesterol and anti-HIV drugs
3.3 Marine Non-living Resources
Polymetallic Nodules Programme
Survey & Exploration
* Spot sampling of nodules using grab sampler with spot photography at 5 km. grid for assessing the trends of higher abundance and revalidation of the earlier assessment.
* Updating of geo-statistical resource evaluation in the pioneer area.
* Preparation of report recommending relinquishment of additional 20% of the Pioneer area has been initiated.
Recolonisation Study at CIOB
* The recolonisation study of benthic organisms by monitoring the sea bottom. The activities to be undertaken include:
* Deep-tow, CTD and Rosette observations near seabed at the test & reference areas.
* Collection of box corer samples at the test and reference areas.
* Automatic weather monitoring.
Technology Development (Mining)
* Series of demonstration of the shallow bed mining system.
* Detailed engineering and specification of a mining complex module of 25,000 ts./yr. capacity for 6000 m. depth is being carried out jointly by NIOT and the German counterpart IKS, University of Siegen, Germany.
Unmanned Submersibles
* Testing of upgraded version of ROV developed by CMERI at a water depth of 250 m.
* Development of manipulator for underwater operation and testing of materials for deep sea operations.
* Commissioning of the joint collaborative programme for the design, development and testing of unmanned submersible capable of working up to 6000 m. This work would jointly be carried out by NIOT and Russian counterpart under Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
Technology Development (Extractive Metallurgy)
* Work related to setting up of demonstration pilot plant 500 kg./day capacity nodules throughput at HZL(U) for validation of the flow-sheet developed by RRL(B) and BARC, Mumbai is under process.
* Continuation of R&D activities for optimisation of extraction efficiencies for extraction of metal values (Cu., Ni., Co., Mn.) at NML(J), RRL(B) and HZL(U).
* Work related to process-package development for recovery of manganese in the form of alloys/metal from leach residue of RRL (B) process route.
* Bulk sample collection for continuous demonstration pilot plant.
3.4 Marine and Coastal Area Management
Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS)
During the year the monitoring programme will be continued and redesigned to include additional pollutants, which will be identified during the interaction meeting with the State Pollution Control Boards. A new programme to facilitate maintenance of types specimen from bacterial cultures collected during the COMAPS monitoring programmes will be initiated. A database containing the data generated under the COMAPS programme will also be developed in the GIS.
Coastal Research Vessels
During the year 1999-2000, the cruises for COMAPS programme will be continued and also vessels will be utilized for other programmes like Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM) programme and ONGC offshore survey. It is planned to undertake 48 cruises for each vessel.
Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM)
* Completion of collection of data for all the GIS project sites and Development of GIS based Information System for 3 critical habitats
* Completion of calibration of models to determine the Waste Assimilation Capacity with the 2 field institutions made so far
* Completion of preparation of EIA Guidelines for ports and harbours
* Initiation of field activities for the three ICMAM plan sites
3.5 Ocean Observation and Information Services (OOIS)
Ocean Observing Systems
Deployment of one deep sea current meter array at the equator at 93
* off the Indian Ocean. Completion of installation of two more (FTDG) tide gauges at Machilipatnam and Tuticorin for measurement of sea level data and operation and maintenance of 8 FTDG and 3 Acoustic tide Gauges. Operation and maintenance of 12 data buoy net work, generation, analyses of data and supply to operational agencies and deployment of a new buoy at Mangalore port. Dissemination of data products being generated by the buoys deployed in the EEZ of India. Deployment of 8 low-cost drifters and 2 multi-parameter buoys for collection of surface meteorological and upper oceanographic data generated from the buoys, in real time through Global Telecommunication Satellite (GTS). Conducting 3 special campaigns for validation of IRS-P4 and MOS satellite data. Modification of all software used for data acquisition to Y2K compliant. Conducting XBT cruises for obtaining temperature profiles in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
Ocean Information Services
Setting up of INCOIS for execution of the project Ocean Information Services. Continuation of generation of SST as in the previous year and experimental product generation based on the developed for the North Indian Ocean. Continuation of generation and dissemination of PFZ forecasts. Reception of Ocean colour data from IRS-P4 and other foreign satellites ocean colour sensor data. Derivation of the Ocean Colour data products like chlorophyll, suspended sediments and bathymetry. Initiation of action for setting up of various facilities such as infrastructure, manpower, equipment required for operation of INCOIS.
Satellite Coastal & Oceanographic Research (SATCORE)
Completion of R&I activities for upgradation of existing algorithms, initiation for the development of Version I software by using other algorithms and improved models. Completion of packaging and customization of Version I software for retrieval of ocean parameters. Development of Version II software for retrieval of ocean parameters using remote sensing satellites. Preparation of work for Oceansat II and other future missions.
Ocean Dynamics and Modelling (INDOMOD)
Development of a coupled ocean atmospheric model for prediction of tropical cyclones and associated surges. Validation of existing atmospheric model for simulation of tropical cyclones using the past data. Sensitivity and validation experiments with regional wave prediction model for the Bay of Bengal. Simulation of surface wind stress on monthly and seasonal time-scales using a coupled atmosphere-ocean model (CAOM) to provide forcing for driving an ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM). Comparison of the simulations with observations will be done to determine the skill of the uncoupled hind casts. Initiating the implementation of Bay of Bengal studies under the Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (JGOFS)
3.6 Marine Research and Capacity Building
The ongoing projects will be integrated for generation of a national project under Marine Living Resources Programme. 18 ongoing projects will receive financial assistance, out of which 5 will be completed. Also 20 new projects & fellowships will be considered for assistance. The existing Research Advisory Council is wound up and a National Steering Committee on Ocean Research has taken its place. About 80 ongoing fellowships will receive financial support.
3.7 Coastal Community programmes
Shore to Vessel Communication system
7 shore stations set up during Phase-II of the Project "Shore to Fishing Vessel Communication System" will be operated and maintained.
Island Development
With the commissioning of a sea-front laboratory at Neelankarai, Chennai and with the availability of strengthened infrastructure at NIOT Head Quarters and A&N Islands, work under all three components of the "Enhancement of Marine Living Resources" project, viz., breeding and rearing of lobsters, fattening studies and sea- farming & sea-ranching has been accelerated. Some of the new initiatives including programmes on Ocean Environment and Conservation of Living Resources including coral reefs monitoring/rejuvenation and other S&T initiatives of specific relevance to the development of island community have been taken up under a mission project of NIOT viz. Ocean Science & Technology for Islands.
Ocean Awareness
With a view to promoting awareness among the public and school children, participating in the exhibition and fairs and extending funding support for a number of seminars/symposia/workshops, etc., was continued. DOD participated in the India International Trade Fair held at new Delhi during November, 1999 and bagged the silver medal for best display among the Government of India Ministries/Departments. .
3.8 International Cooperation
Contribution & Participation
During the year 1999-2000 also contributions to International Commissions and organizations such as UNCLOS, ISBA, COMNAP/SCALOP, CCAMLR, Regional Seas Programme, etc., where India has made commitments have been continued. The studies relating to JGOFS are continued to yield valuable conclusions. The 11th meeting of COMNAP/SCALOP was held in Goa during Sept. '99. India effectively participated in the IOC Executive Council and other meetings of IOC, IOCINDIO, International Sea Bed Authority, 7th UN Commission on Sustainable Development, XXIII Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), 2nd meeting of the Committee on Environmental Protection to ATS, Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, etc.
Delineation of Outer Limits of Continental shelf
The strategy for undertaking the seismic survey is formulated to maximise the gains. The seismic survey is expected to start in January,2000 after finalisation of Global tender. Baseline survey will be completed by NHO. The bathymetric data available with GSI and NHO is being compiled n the format required by the Commission on the limits of Continental Shelf. Bathymetric data on foot of the continental slope and 2500 m. isobath will be available with NHO excepting few pockets.
3.9 National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)
Mission-1: Ocean Energy
* Fabrication, erection and commissioning of 1 MW Floating OTEC Plant off the coast of Tuticorin
* Design, fabrication, erection and commissioning of Navigational Buoy based on Backward Bent Ducted Buoy Principle
* Performance analysis of fixed guide vanes impulse turbine at National Test Facility, Vizhinjam
Mission-2: Deep Sea Technology and Ocean Mining
* Measurement of pressure losses in flexible riser system meant for pumping of slurry at different concentrations
* Submission of Project report for pilot mining of polymetallic nodules at 6000 m depth
* Shallow water sand mining operation is expected to be completed using the developed underwater crawler
Mission-3: Coastal and Environmental Engineering
* Drainage and coastal inlet studies for NTPC
* Feasibility Studies on Coal Transport logistics and development of marine facilities for NTPC power plant at Cheyyur
* Sea bed and hydrographic investigations for GPLNG to lay sub marine pipelines across the Gulf of Khambhat
* Numerical model studies for development of Fishing Harbour at Thengapatnam
* Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment Studies for Van Ommeren MAC Tank Terminals Ltd., Coast Guard and Indian Navy.
* Modelling of Dredge Spoil Disposal for Gujarat Pipavav Port Ltd.
* Modelling of watershed sediment erosion for RITES
* Advice to ICMAM on modelling for water quality issue related to ICMAM
* Hydrographic component for COMAPS Programme - Completion of 2 surveys
* Completion of all surveys and initiation of modelling - WLA
* Completion of draft EIA guidelines for Ports & Harbours
Mission-4: Marine Instrumentation
* Fabrication of Acoustic Tide Gauges with battery back up and telemetry option and deployment at Kochi, Mumbai, A&N Islands and Vietnam.
* Development of transducer for Echosounder with frequency operation of 33 kHz and beam width of 20o for IUSS Project
* Development of 12 kHz transceiver with omni directionivity for Pinger and Acoustic Release system initially for 300m depth
* Development of processing software / control electronic hardware for Echosounder - IUSS
* Development of Acoustic Pinger for depth operation of 6000m
* Feasibility study on freshness index meter for fish meat to detect ammonia and TMA/ DMA gases
* Development of Portable Digital current meter for field operation from a laboratory model
NON-PLAN
EXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES
During the year, it is planned to undertake 12 cruises of the FORV Sagar Sampada for MLR programmes with special emphasis on the resources along the continental slope. It is also planned to undertake column productivity studies in the Indian EEZ. The following activities are being taken up under the Assessment of Marine Living Resources Programme using the FORV Sagar Sampada:
* Hydro-acoustic studies to establish techniques for estimation of fish, zooplankton and DSL biomass.
* Project on large marine ecosystem of the Arabian Sea,
* Project on mesopelagic resources of the high seas, and
* Studies on the benthic and fishery biodiversity of the continental slope area.
ORV Sagar Kanya continued to function as a national facility for survey/assessment of marine non-living resources and oceanographic survey of the Indian Ocean under various multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary programmes of the national research laboratories/academic institutions, etc. In addition, the vessel undertook cruises for INDOEX, BOBMEX and other scientific programmes, deployment and servicing of the moored data buoys, etc.
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CHAPTER IV
Activities/Targets for 2000-01
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4.1 Polar Sciences
During the year 2000-2001, the NCAOR, as the nodal agency of the Department proposes to plan, co-ordinate and execute the XX Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica for continuation of the scientific/research programmes initiated during the XIX expedition. The scientific and logistics co-operation proposed to be developed between India and South Africa with the launching of the XIX Expedition from Cape Town will lead to the initiation of state-of-the-art research programs in Polar Sciences. Initiating and executing specific and specialized programs in the scientific disciplines of Polar Remote Sensing, Southern Ocean Oceanography & Paleoclimatology, and Antarctic Global Change.
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa
Commencement of construction of the Phase II laboratory building. Pending construction of this building, the Centre is proposing the establishment of basic laboratory facilities, and augmenting the existing computational infrastructure. The existing library facilities at the ASC are also proposed to be augmented. On the man-power side, the Centre will seek to develop its core-competence in the fields of Polar Remote Sensing, Southern Ocean Oceanography & Paleoclimatology, and Antarctic Global Change Research by the induction of suitable scientific and research personnel.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 20.00 crore
4.2 Marine Living Resources
Assessment of Marine Living Resources
Continuation of:
* studies to establish techniques for estimation of fish, zooplankton and DSL biomass
* large marine ecosystem studies of the Arabian Sea
* assessment of mesopelagic resources of the high seas
* studies on the benthic productivity/biodiversity and the fish biodiversity of the continental slope area
Financial Requirement: Rs. 2.96 crore
Drugs from sea
* Continuation of the exploratory work relating to collection, identification and bioevaluation of the marine flora and fauna from the Indian coastal waters.
* Completing regulatory pharmacology and toxicology of the anti-diabetic and anti- diarrhoeal drug.
* Patenting of anti-cholesterol molecule.
* Patenting of process for anti-HIV drug by IICT, Hyderabad.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 2.00 crore
4.3 Marine Non-living Resources
Polymetallic Nodules Programme
Survey & Exploration
* Spot sampling of nodules using grab sampler with spot photography at 5 km. grid for assessing the trends of higher abundance and revalidation of the earlier assessment.
* Updating of geo-statistical resource evaluation in the pioneer area.
* Relinquishment of additional 20% of the Pioneer area to ISBA.
Recolonisation Study at CIOB
The recolonisation study of benthic organisms by monitoring the sea bottom. The activities to be undertaken include :
* CTD and Rosette observations near seabed at the test & reference areas.
* Collection of box corer samples at the test and reference areas.
* Automatic weather monitoring.
Technology Development (Mining)
Deep Seabed Mining System development
* Development of an integrated mining complex module of 25,000 tonnes/yr. capacity for 6000 m. depth to be carried out jointly by NIOT and the German counterpart IKS, University of Siegen, Germany.
Unmanned Submersibles
* Commissioning of the joint collaborative programme for the design, development and testing of unmanned submersible capable of working up to 6000 m. This work would jointly be carried out by NIOT and Russian counterpart under Russian Academy of Science, Moscow.
* Development of manipulator for underwater operation and testing of materials for deep sea operations.
Technology Development (Extractive Metallurgy)
* Erection & commissioning of demonstration pilot plant 500 kg./day capacity nodules throughput at HZL(U) for validation of the flow-sheet developed by RRL(B) and BARC, Mumbai. Pilot plant Campaigns of 40 days duration each to be undertaken.
* Continuation of R&D activities for optimisation of extraction efficiencies for extraction of metal values (Cu., Ni., Co., Mn.) at NML(J), RRL(B) and HZL(U). The data generated in the demonstration plant and associated R&D work in other laboratories for selective scale up studies would be analyzed with an ultimate objective of designing a commercial plant.
* Work related to process package development for recovery of manganese in the form of alloys/metal from leach residue of RRL(B) process route.
* Bulk sample collection for continuous demonstration pilot plant.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 19.31 crore
4.4 Marine and Coastal Area Management
Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS)
* Continuation of monitoring of marine pollution at 82 locations for 25 parameters as an ongoing input for knowing the health of our oceans.
* Continued monitoring of physical oceanography under the COMAPS project.
* Adoption of GIS based information system for monitoring pollution in the coastal waters.
* Processing of data to draw inference on the levels of pollutants in different parts of the coastal ocean and dissemination of knowledge to the Pollution Control Boards whenever the pollution levels reach alarming levels for remedial action
* Preparation of Action Plan by the State Pollution Control Boards for mitigation of coastal pollution.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 2.05 crore
Coastal Research Vessel (CRV)
* CRV Sagar Purvi & Sagar Paschimi to complete 48 cruises each for pollution monitoring both in the east and west coast.
* Continuation of regular pollution monitoring by undertaking 48 cruises with the participation of the scientists of CECRI and NIO, Vizag and other oceanographic observations for IOM, Anna university, University of Madras
* Continuation of physical oceanographic observations & microbiological studies for the waste load allocation project under ICMAM
* Observation of critical habitats in Lakshadweep.
* Monitoring of pollution in the hot spots., and
* Monitoring of sea turtles.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 2.50 crore
Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM)
* During the period, the task relating to Development of GIS based Information System for 11 critical habitats will be continued and GIS based Information System for 3 more sites will be completed. Management Action Plan for one site will be developed.
* Task relating to Determination of Waste Assimilation Capacity will be continued. Model selected for Ennore and Tapi will be validated for Ennore data and calibrated with Tapi data.
* Task relating to Development of EIA Guidelines for waste disposal, marine transportation an tourism sector will be taken-up.
* Field activities required for the Preparation of ICMAM Plans will be initiated by engaging national research laboratories/institutions/consultants.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 6.70 crore
4.5 Ocean Observation and Information Services(OOIS)
Ocean Observing Systems
* Indigenisation of Data buoy technology and Operation and maintenance of 12 data buoy system by National Data Buoy Programme.
* Upgrading of existing Tide gauge network both in terms of software and sensors.
* Redeployment of existing current meter and deployment of new current meter array along the equator.
* Deployment of 12 drifting buoys for acquiring the surface meteorological and upper ocean parameters.
* Carrying out of validation campaigns of IRS-P4 satellite data.
* Conducting XBT cruises for obtaining temperature profiles for estimation of heat budget in the upper layers in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
Ocean Information Services
* Setting up of infrastructure for Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS).
* Continuation of generation of SST as in the previous year and dissemination of PFZ forecasts.
* Continuation of operation and maintenance of Marine Data Centre's established by the Department under MARSIS and NOIS programmes. Operation of models developed by SAC for data generation
* Archival and dissemination of data from data buoy and maintenance of catalogues of data of MDCs.
Satellite Coastal & Oceanographic Research (SATCORE)
* Completion of R&I activities for upgradation of existing algals, initiation for the development of Version I software by using other algorithms and improved models.
* Completion of packaging and customization of Version I software for retrieval of ocean parameters.
* Development of Version II software for retrieval of ocean parameters using remote sensing satellites.
* Preparation for work for Oceansat II and other future missions.
Ocean Dynamics and Modelling (INDOMOD)
* Validation of Coupled Atmospheric Ocean Model (CAOM) to provide forcing parameter for ocean general circulation model.
* Conducting sensitivity test for CAOM for prediction of storm surges associated with tropical cyclone along the Indian coast.
* Validation and development of regional wave prediction model for the Bay of Bengal.
* Conducting experiments to determine the sensitivity for development of hybrid coupled model for prediction of Indian monsoon regions.
* Synthesis of time series sediment trap data and development of budget models for estimation of fluxes of carbon and nitrogen along the continental margin of the west coast of India and quantification of fluxes of various elements in the Godavari basin region.
* Conducting experiments in the Bay of Bengal for estimation of elemental fluxes under the Joint Global Flux Studies (JGOFS).
Financial Requirement: Rs. 14.00 crore
4.6 Marine Research and Capacity Building
Continuation of 22 ongoing research projects presently underway and of the 2 new projects sanctioned to OSTC on Marine Geology and Geophysics at Mangalore University; 3 new projects sanctioned to OSTC on Marine Microbiology at Goa University. Six of the projects being undertaken at various Universities are expected to reach their logical conclusion by 2000-01 Plan period. Three more OSTCs in major areas of Ocean Science & Technology will be set up. Action to introduce Ocean Science & Technology at Secondary School level will be taken up.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 3.00 crore
4.7 Coastal Community Programmes
Shore to Vessel Communication System
* Commissioning of the system in A&N Islands.
* Handing over the system to the State governments for continuous operation and maintenance.
* Phasing out of the scheme.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 0.02 crore
Island Development
This programme is being continued as a mission project of NIOT
* Further research on formulation of appropriate feeds for maximum growth of lobsters.
* Hormonal manipulation during fattening of lobsters.
* Sea ranching of early life stages of spiny lobster.
* Implementation of projects on development of technology for sustainable shrimp farming,lobster and seaweed culture and polyculture of marine organisms at ANCOST.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 1.00 crore
Ocean Awareness
* Continuation of participation of the Department in the exhibitions and fairs and extending funding support for a number of seminars/symposia/workshops, etc., with a view to promoting awareness among the public and school children on oceans.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 0.70 crore
4.8 International Cooperation
Contribution
Continued contribution to various international and inter-governmental agencies and participation in the States Parties meeting on Law of the Sea, International Seabed Authority as an elected Member of the Council of ISBA, Antarctic Treaty consultative meetings, Committee on Environmental Protection of the Antarctic Treaty, UN Commission on Sustainable Development, Working Group on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management of CCAMLR, Commission on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Meeting of the Council of Managers of the National Antarctic Programme/Standing Committee on Antarctic Logistics and Operations, International Oceanographic Commission (JGOFS & GOOS) Programmes, Regional Seas Programme, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network South Asia ,etc.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 0.60 crore
Delineation of Continental Shelf
* Continuation of Seismic Survey, Data processing and interpretation towards their completion.
* Continuation of Bathymetric survey in remaining pockets.
* Compilation of data on baseline, bathymetry and seismics, preparation of reports, maps as per the requirement of the Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf
* Submission of India's claim to Commission on the limits of Continental Shelf.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 43.00 crore
4.9 National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)
Mission-1: Ocean Energy
* Backward Bent Ducted Buoy
* Performance Evaluation and Maintenance of Wave Energy Power Plant
* Feasibility study of commercial OTEC plant at island and main lands
Mission-2: Deep Sea Technology and Ocean Mining
* Continuation of Underwater Thruster Development
* In-situ Measurement
* Hyberbaric chamber
* Continuation of Technology Development Studies 6000 m - Pressure Loss Studies
* Preliminary Studies pertaining to ship requirement launching system
* Development of INS for crawler for motion sensor
* Development of Pressure Transducer for 600 bar
Mission-3: Coastal and Environmental Engineering
* Hydrographic component of COMAPS - Completion of third survey and submission of final report.
* Modelling and submission of final report on `Waste Load Allocation and Assimilation Capacity of Selected Coastal Areas of India - Ennore'
* Watershed and storm surge modelling for Andhra Pradesh Hazard Mitigation Project and submission of final report
* Modelling of watershed loadings for Goa ICMAM Plan
Mission-4: Marine Instrumentation
* A DSP based Acoustic tide gauge with novel in-situ with calibration facility for deployment in all major ports in India.
* Development of Echosounder / Acoustic Sub-bottom Profiler with tow fish for IUSS Project.
* Development of 2-16 kHz Acoustic Sub-bottom projector / hydrophone array for IUSS Project.
* Development of 2-16 kHz Magnetostrictive projectors for IUSS Project.
* Development of sensor / electronic system for freshness index meter for fish meat.
* Development of Engineered version of portable digital current meter.
* Development of 12 kHz transceiver with omni directionivity for Pinger and Acoustic Release system for 6000m depth.
* The complete prototype acoustic release system will be developed.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 15.70 crore
4.10 Administrative Support:
* Initiation of the process for filling up of the vacant posts and creation of approved additional posts.
* Provision of the requisite infrastructure support to the Department and its attached offices for reviewing, implementing and monitoring various approved plan programmes.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 1.46 crore
NON-PLAN PROGRAMMES
EXPLORATION OF MARINE LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES
USING FORV SAGAR SAMPADA AND ORV SAGAR KANYA
FORV Sagar Sampada would undertake dedicated cruises for implementation of the ongoing Marine Living Resources assessment project and collection of data on living resources and their correlation with environmental parameters.
ORV Sagar Kanya would continue to provide the facilities for undertaking survey/assessment of marine non-living resources within and outside the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone through dedicated cruises in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, for servicing the data buoys, polymetallic nodules programme, etc.
Financial Requirement: Rs. 20.14 cror
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CHAPTER V
Appraisal of Performance of Major Programmes/Projects
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5.1 Polar Science (Antarctic Research) Programme
The Antarctic Research programme, which was initiated in 1981, has taken a shape into a major national programme that has a distinct multi-institutional and multi- disciplinary approach. So far 21scientific expeditions have been launched on a regular basis, including two expeditions to the Southern Oceans one to Weddell Sea and another one for assessment of Antarctic Krill, which have carried out research work in the thrust areas of polar science. Till date, more than 45 national institutions have participated in the scientific and logistic components of the expedition thereby putting about 1200 Indians to the icy continent.
For the first time in the history of the Indian Polar Science Programme, the 19th expedition to Antarctica was launched from Cape Town, South Africa on 9th December, 1999, keeping in view the likely scientific and logistic advantages and the possibility of future international cooperation in the field of polar science between India and other countries. This heralds another scientific feat in the realms of polar science at the end of this millennium and demonstrates the farfetched capabilities and interest of India to pursue a well-focussed scientific campaign from a pristine environment and scientific platform provided by Antarctica.
A modern and indigenously built station `Maitri' established in the Schirmacher Oasis in 1988 has replaced the first Indian station, Dakshin Gangotri which was established on the ice-shelf in 1984. Maitri is equipped to provide comfortable living facilities for 25 persons on a year round basis and has several laboratories to carry out research in the frontier areas of Antarctic Science. So far, twelve technical reports and two reports have been published. Over 300 scientific papers have been published in various national and international journals. All these publications have been compiled and structured by the Department as the Indian National Database on Antarctic Science (INDAS). The remote and inhospitable continent has been used by the Indian scientists as a unique laboratory for conducting scientific investigations, which have a direct bearing on the globe as a whole and Geo-political relevance for India in particular.
By virtue of our sustained scientific interest in Antarctica, India acquired Consultative Status in the Antarctic Treaty System. She is also a member of various international bodies affiliated to the Antarctic Treaty System. India has been able to decisively influence the outcome of the negotiations leading to the adoption of the protocol on Environmental protection to the Antarctic Treaty in 1991, which was ratified by India in April 1996. For the first time after India acquired the consultative status in the Antarctic Treaty System and became a member of CCAMLR, India hosted the Working Group of CCAMLR on Ecosystem Monitoring and Management at Kochi during August 1998. India was also nominated as the Chairman of CCAMLR for duration of 2 years from 1998 November. The 11th COMNAP/SCALOP meeting was held at Goa during September 1999.
The policy of the Department of Ocean Development, which is the nodal agency responsible for planning and execution of Indian Antarctic Expeditions, is to conduct a carefully balanced programme of contemporary science through which it is possible to maintain an active and influential presence of India in Antarctica. The Department constantly keeps evolving scientific programmes, which are based on national priorities and contribute to global issues. The Department has judiciously framed India's long term scientific strategy in Antarctic with a clear-cut focus on three basic and mutually dependent factor namely, science, logistics and economics. Over the years, a distinct impetus on scientific objectives has resulted in an increase in the scientific team component over the logistic team.
The success of the Antarctic Programme is an example of multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional approach adopted by the Department. With the completion of part of Phase I of the building comprising logistic, administrative, residential and service blocks, the Antarctic Study Centre (ASC), Goa started functioning from the new premises from December 1997. The ASC renamed as the National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR) was converted into an autonomous Society under the Department during September,1998. This Centre is designed to become a state-of-the-art national facility for conducting front ranking research in the field of polar sciences and launching all Antarctic expeditions. When fully operational, it will have a unique facility for low temperature research on ice cores retrieved from Antarctica and the Himalayas. It will also have an Antarctic museum and a database repository on polar sciences. Further, in order to continue to play a perceptible role in Antarctic science, a distinct thrust has been provided on bi-multi-lateral scientific co-operations so as to contribute to international scientific campaigns which have to address pertinent global issues. India is presently having bilateral cooperation in polar science with Italy, Peru, Argentina and Germany. An Iranian scientist participated in the 18th Indian Expedition to Antarctica and a lady geologist from Peru in the 19th expedition. Another Indian scientist from the fishery Survey of India is participating in the Peruvian expedition to the Antarctic waters for krill resources assessment from January, 2000.
In brief, the benefits of the Antarctic research to India are:
* Studies of Antarctic meteorology with the aim to build a climatological data set for application in the prediction and forecast of the Indian monsoons.
* Studies on ozone hole and other trace gases to understand its influence over the climatic pattern of the Southern Indian Ocean.
* Studies on aurora phenomenon and geo-magnetic storms have yielded valuable insights to solar terrestrial physics of the outer space.
* Geological mapping of hitherto unmapped areas of Schirmacher Oasis and Wolhthat mountains has helped to understand the geological evolution of this area and its co- relation in the reconstruction of the Gondwana land.
* Studies on human adaptations in cold and extreme conditions and this application to the frontier regions of the country.
* Identification of Antarctic microbes and its application for human and organic waste degradation in cold regions of Himalayas.
* Technology transfer on a commercial basis as a spin-off of the SODAR instrument developed in Antarctica for studying inland environmental pollution.
* Research and development in cold temperature technology in designing prototype toilet incinerators, generators and low temperature structures used in Antarctica has been deployed in colder regions of the country.
* Availability of trained manpower pool to work in extreme cold, harsh and isolated conditions have been generated from the expeditions.
* The Indian Navy and Air Force by virtue of their participation in the expeditions have gained professional expertise of the highest order in snow-ice navigation under adverse climatic conditions.
5.2 Marine Living Resources
A. Assessment of marine living resources
Presently the data relating to Marine Living resources cover areas only up to 50- 70 m depth. While the region up to 50-70 m depth is exploited almost to the maximum sustainable levels, the offshore region is largely under-exploited and there is reluctance on the part of the Industry to enter this sector because of the inadequacy of the information on the available resources. A reliable estimation of these resources and an understanding of the likely potential is called for. As observed by the UN conference on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish stocks, some form of an international involvement in the management of the high seas fishery resources is necessary. As the resources up to 50-70 m depth stand fully exploited there is an urgent need to have a better understanding of the resources and potential of the living resources of the Indian EEZ.
Keeping in view the aforesaid, a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional programme aimed at making an assessment of the marine living resources beyond 70 m depth within the Indian EEZ and correlating the fish abundance/availability with the oceanographic parameters, has been initiated during the 9th Five Year Plan.
The major objectives of the programme iner-alia are:
* To have a realistic and reliable information on the potential of marine living resources in the Indian EEZ, for sustainable development and management.
* To augment the sea food production and thereby the income of the coastal fishing community and the fishing industry.
With the aforesaid objectives in mind the Department has launched the following projects during the 9th Plan period:
* Assessment of environmental parameters and the marine living resources (primary and secondary) in the Indian EEZ and the role of Myctophid fauna in the mesopelagic habitat.
* Stock assessment, biology and resource mapping of deep-sea shrimp, lobsters and fishes in the EEZ of India.
* Studies on Deep scattering layers (DSL).
* Harvest technology and catch composition of deep-sea fishery resources in the Indian EEZ.
* Investigation of Toxic Algal Blooms in the EEZ of India.
* Investigations on the benthic productivity in the EEZ of India.
B. Drugs from the Sea
The National Project on Drugs from Sea is a multi-institutional project aiming at developing potential drugs and chemicals from the marine flora and fauna. This project has led to identification of five marine organisms showing potent activity as anti- diabetic/anti-diarrhoeal, anti-viral, anti-anxiety, anti-cholesterol and larvicidal agents for developing new drugs during the IX Plan.
5.3 Marine Non-Living Resources
The Polymetallic Nodules Programme envisages eventual exploitation of the nodules from the allotted 150,000-sq. km. mine site in the Central Indian Ocean Basin. As per an international commitment to the International Seabed Authority, India has to relinquish 50% of the total area assigned, after detailed survey and exploration and retain the remaining 50% for future exploration and exploitation. India is a member of the Council of International Seabed Authority, under the Investors' category owing to its contribution and commitment to the Polymetallic Nodules programme. India's nominees are also on the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Legal and Technical Commission of the Council, Finance Committee of the Authority and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf.
The Survey and Exploration endeavor is aimed at firmly establishing the resource potential on the basis of progressive closer grids sampling, spot photographs. Topography of the pioneer area has been already assessed. The abundance pattern vis- a-vis the geomorphology has been established along with upgradation of the resource evaluation techniques on the basis of one lakh photographs obtained from the mine site. Three moored systems deployed in the pioneer area obtained continuous time series oceanographic data. The analysis of the data will reveal the environmental condition at various depths over a period of time in the pioneer area of the Central Indian Ocean Basin. India has already relinquished 30% of the surveyed area of ISBA.
Development of technologies for mining from the deep ocean is viewed as a contribution to the long-term objective. In 1996, India reoriented its polymetallic nodule development programmes to establish the technologies in a phased manner with the initial efforts to demonstrate shallow bed mining technology in Indian seas up to 500 metres depth. Successful development of this mining technology could find applications in the exploration of sulphides, phosphorites, placer deposits and other seabed minerals in the Exclusive Economic Zone of India.
To further develop the technology for nodule mining at greater depths, a joint technology development agreement was concluded between National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) of DOD and University of Siegen (IKS), Germany in January, 1998. Under this, it is proposed to demonstrate shallow bed mining technology up to 500 m depth in Indian waters. For this purpose the existing crawler has been refurbished with a cutting system, a manipulator and a pumping system. Preliminary tests were done on board the vessel ORV Sagar Kanya during October-November, 1998 off Malavan coast near Goa. The crawler was launched and retrieved successfully as a part of soak test at a depth of 50m. During the tests at about 500 m which is proposed to be conducted during March-April,2000, the performance of the crawler as regards its maneuverability and control systems would be evaluated, besides the sand mining demonstration. Upon completion of the shallow bed mining test, a joint report containing the design of various system launching and retrieval system etc., required for deep sea nodule mining would be prepared. The designed system would be capable of operating at 6000 m depth with a mining capacity of 25,000 tonne nodules per year.
The improved Remotely Operable Vehicle (ROV) capable of operating up to 250 metre depth designed and fabricated by Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, was tested in the sea off Chennai coast at 40 m. depth. The upgraded ROV is now ready for testing at 250 m depth in the open sea. The underwater manipulator for 250 m has been developed for integration with ROV. A 1:4 model jet pump test facility has been fabricated. The fabrication and testing of both connector and thruster are progressing and expected to be completed soon.
Pilot plant campaigns of 100 Kg. per day capacity continued at RRL and NML for optimising the process parameters for recoveries of Copper, Nickel and Cobalt from the nodules. At HZL batch scale experiments are conducted for firming the process package. The process route at RRL has been chosen for testing on a continuous demonstration plant of 500 Kg. per day capacity. Pilot plant campaigns are continued at RRL (B) to generate data that will facilitate design of the demonstration plant.
Basic engineering & designs for a continuous demonstration pilot plant to process 500 Kg/day of the polymetallic nodules from Indian mine site has been completed. This pilot plant will be established at Hindustan Zinc Ltd. (HZL), Udaipur with the active participation of HZL(U) who will also partially finance the programme and be responsible to commission, maintain & operate the pilot plant during the trials for evaluation and optimisation of the process to generate parameters for techno-economic studies. The pilot plant is expected to be commissioned during September-October, 2000.
5.4 Marine and Coastal Area Management
A. Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS)
Due to multipurpose uses of the coastal zone such as shipping, fishing, tourism, industrialisation and disposal of wastes, the stress on the coastal area is growing rapidly with developments taking place often in an unplanned fashion and unmindful of long term consequences. COMAPS is designed to assess the status and likely trends in coastal marine environment quality and to contribute directly to the development of strategies for maximizing the economic benefits derived from the intelligent and sustainable use of marine environment and resources. Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS) is a continuing programme since 1991, for monitoring the level of various marine pollutants and its impacts on marine fauna and flora of the country. Data collected through this programme are essential to formulate remedial measures to protect health of our marine environment. Depending upon the level and source of pollutants 82 sampling stations have been chosen and classified as "Hot spot" and "Regular" stations. Data on 25 environmental parameters including pesticides, heavy metals and other pollution indicating parameters like dissolved oxygen, pathogenic bacterial are being monitored. The infrastructure and other facilities of National and State Research and Development institutions which are participating in the programme have been fully strengthened to undertake all activities stipulated for this programme. The results emerging through these studies have shown that our coastal waters are by and large clean. The data collected are also reported to coastal State Pollution Control Boards. It appears that the organized industry is slowly disciplining itself in following proper environmental standards.
B. Coastal Research Vessels
The coastal research vessels are essential to ensure coverage of sea areas at desired location for sampling towards monitoring of pollution and to facilitate systematic on board analysis of samples collected. The facilities established onboard the vessels were highly useful for analyzing most of the parameters. National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai is successfully managing these vessels. So far both the vessels have completed 136 cruises. Apart from that the vessel, "Sagar Purvi" served as a testing platform for the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) developed by Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur under Polymetallic Nodules Programme and other programmes of Department of Ocean Development/NIOT.
C. Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM)
Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM) is a new activity started during the 9th Plan period and to ensure adoption of an integrated approach to the management of marine environment. The major achievements so far including: collection of data for 2 seasons and development of design for GIS database, completion of design of Instrumentation and Eco-toxicology Labs for National Facility on ICMAM and of the review of EIA reports for coastal & marine projects and engagement of consultants for the project.
5.5 Ocean Observation & Information Services (OOIS)
The various related programmes of the Department such as MARSIS, SELMAM, NIOS, JGOFS, National Data Buoy, implemented during the 8th five Year Plan, have been revamped and integrated into a major scheme " Ocean Observation and Information Services (OOIS) " for the 9th Five year Plan period. The OOIS consists of four components viz. Ocean Observation System; Ocean Information Services; Satellite Coastal Oceanographic Research; and Ocean Dynamics and Modelling. The primary objective of OOIS is to generate reliable coastal and ocean data products pertaining to winds, waves, sea surface temperature, currents, upwelling, potential fishing zone information, coastal maps etc., for potential use in coastal and offshore developmental activities and for furthering the quality of oceanographic research. During the period, Department launched a National Data Buoy Programme with partial financial assistance from NORAD, Norway for acquiring meteorological and oceanographic parameters from the seas around India on real time basis. Under this programme 12 data buoys were deployed in the coastal (8 data buoys) and deep waters (4 data buoys) in the EEZ of India. The data generated under this programme is being used in improving the cyclone prediction in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, coastal and offshore developments and in research activities. Efforts are under way to develop data products using the data generated under this programme to supply to the end users. Online data is also being made available to the potential users such as Indian Meteorological Department, Navy, Ports, Shipping etc. The data generated under this programme is found to be very useful for weather forecasting, oceanic research and other developmental activities.
Extensive validation studies of the PFZ advisories have confirmed its utility in reducing the search time by fishing boats and also in getting better catch per unit effort. This data product has been well accepted by both the traditional and mechanised fishing sectors. The PFZ is proposed to be further refined by incorporating other parameters such as chlorophyll data obtained from the Sea Wifs, on-board the American Satellite "Sea Star" which was launched in August 1998. Information on Potential Fishing Zone is being disseminated to 170 fish landing centres.
The coral reefs of the entire country have been mapped and codified. These maps are useful in the scientific management of the fragile coral ecosystem. Coastal wetland maps and Shoreline change maps of entire country have been prepared. These maps indicate mangroves, aquaculture sites, coastal erosion and accretion, which are useful in coastal zone management. Suspended sediment load maps developed through the MARSIS programme are very useful for the port authorities, State Governments and researches for varied applications.
A dedicated Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) was set up as an autonomous Society under the Department with its headquarters at Hyderabad on 5-2-1999. The aim of this programme is to interact with different user agencies and assess their needs to build necessary capabilities and infrastructure for conventional and remote sensing ocean observations to promote R&D in satellite oceanography and modeling and generate and supply data and data products to meet the demands of the users. In order to make the INCOIS effective and useful, two national Experts Committees are constituted. The first one with representatives from the user agencies in the national level to highlight their programmes and specify the requirements of data and data products for their ongoing and future programmes; and the second one with representatives from National laboratories and R&D institutions to analyze the user demands, the status of existing resources and technologies and identify the action plan to generate data and data products to meet the user needs. The advances in communication and information technologies will be effectively utilized.
Over the years different institutions in different Ministries have collected oceanographic data through conventional means to research and development and operational needs. During the VIII plan, the Department established marine data centres jointly with these institutions. Each institution is identified to collate, check, compile and disseminate data in specified field to other agencies. Networking with these Marine Data Centres and generating data products from the existing and future data is also necessary to meet the user needs.
The programme has also succeeded in demonstrating on a pilot basis the capability for retrieval of other parameters such as winds, wave, currents, Mixed Layer Depth, Heat budget of the oceans etc. from satellite data. The possibility of making these parameters operationally available is being explored. Validation campaigns were conducted for calibration of Modular Optical Scanner (MOS) satellite data.
5.6 Marine Research and Capacity Building
The Scientific Research and Technology Development programmes for exploration and sustained use of the marine resources are multi-disciplinary and multi- institutional. Basic research and developments are required in a wide spectrum of areas to gain adequate knowledge and expertise. Required infrastructure and trained manpower are essential for successfully implementing different programmes. There is a need for effective interaction between R&D institutions, academic and industries.
The Department has been implementing this programme with a view to encouraging research in the newly emerging and frontline areas of Coastal Engineering, Marine Chemistry, Marine Biology and Microbiology, Pharmacology, Coastal Zone management, Marine Archaeology, Exploration and Exploitation of Marine Resources, etc., to create infrastructure facilities in Universities/Institutions/Organizations, etc., and to generate specialist Manpower in Ocean Sector.
The research projects so far funded under this programme have provided useful results on the history of the sedimentation process; tectonic events before Miocene period including Himalayan drift; physical, chemical and biological oceanography of our sea; provided clues for development of potential drugs and chemicals from the marine organisms; etc. A large number of scientific papers on various aspects of ocean science and technology have so far been published. Over 120 fellowships awarded to young scientists for pursuing higher studies in the ocean sector have helped augment the manpower resources, capacity building and improving the scope for further research in marine sciences.
With a view to have a coordinated approach to promote specialties in various aspects of marine science in different universities, the department formulated a scheme for establishing Ocean Science & Technology Cells (OSTC) in consultation with the Vice Chancellors of Universities engaged in research in marine Science. These cells will grow into Centres of Excellence in the academic institutions in due course. Within the University system, OSTC is planned to function with certain autonomy under the guidance and direction of a Management Board with respective Vice Chancellor as Chairman and eminent scientists and technologists and officials of the Department as Members.
To have an integrated approach for promoting basic research in marine science and establishing centres of excellence in academic institutions developing human resource for the challenging needs in marine sector and for self reliance, a perspective planning is essential.
During the first three years of the 9th Plan period the Department has established 9 OSTCs. They are:
Marine Coastal Ecology - East Coast at Berhampur University
Marine Coastal Ecology - West Coast at Bhavnagar University
Marine Microbiology at Goa University
Marine Geology & Geophysics at Mangalore University
Coastal Marine Culture Systems at Andhra University
Marine Biology at Annamalai University
Beach Placers at Tamil University
Marine Benthos at Cochin University of Science and Technology
Ocean Engineering & Underwater Robotics at IIT, Kharagpur
A Steering Committee with experts and officials of the Department is guiding these programmes.
5.7 National Institute of Ocean Technology
National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) was established by the Department of Ocean Development (DOD), Government of India in co-ordination with IIT, Chennai. NIOT is an autonomous institute fully funded by DOD. The main aim of NIOT is to develop and promote technology in mission mode for specific purposes in ocean related areas. NIOT is serving as the technical arm of DOD, through a pool of highly trained manpower by taking up technology development and demonstration projects in major areas of ocean technology.
The main mission areas initially identified with the available expertise and facilities within NIOT and IIT, Chennai are as follows:
* Ocean Energy
* Deep Sea Technology and Ocean Mining
* Coastal and Environmental Engineering
* Marine Instrumentation
Subsequently, DOD entrusted to NIOT the implementation of the National Data Buoy Programme (NDBP), operation of the Coastal Research Vessels (CRV) and participation in the Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management programme (ICMAM). A new mission area on Ocean Science & Technology for Islands has been added to NIOT in 1998. The core staff consisting of Engineers and Scientists from Mechanical, Civil, Electrical/Electronics, Environmental & Ocean Engineering, Ocean Sciences are responsible for implementing the above programmes.
NIOT is presently located in IIT, Chennai campus with its own laboratories, library and computer centre. The successful demonstration of technology and implementation of various prestigious programmes, necessitated a few organizational changes in the structure of NIOT. To cater to the growth, NIOT is in the process of establishing new laboratories and additional workspace in the new campus in a 50 acre land at Narayanapuram, Chennai. This campus which houses facilities for handling hardware for seabed mining programme, OTEC and other mission areas of NIOT, ecotoxic laboratory and training facilities for ICMAM programme, etc., is nearing completion. The integration of the hardware for seabed mining and OTEC programme is being undertaken at this campus for the past one year. The PD-ICMAM office has already been shifted to this new campus and the NIOT will shift to this campus by the end of January-February,2000, after its formal inauguration.
Ocean Energy
One of the broad mission areas of NIOT is harnessing different forms of energy from the ocean. Currently wave energy and ocean thermal energy conversions are the main focus at NIOT.
NIOT took over the wave energy project from IIT, Chennai towards the end of 1995. The wave energy plant at Vizhinjam, Kerala incorporates an Oscillating Water Column (OWC) and a horizontal axis twin turbine. Subsequently to increase the dynamic range of the turbine, an impulse turbine with self-pitched guide vanes was commissioned. It has been observed that this turbine has a superior performance compared to Wells' turbine. Laboratory studies are underway to design a floating type of oscillating water column called Backward Bent Ducted Buoy. The preliminary results have paved the way for designing a wave powered navigational buoy.
Preliminary studies have also been conducted on harnessing ocean energy using the principle of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). A site on the East Coast of India has been chosen as the location of this pilot OTEC plant. Currently designs are underway to establish a 1 MW floating OTEC demonstration plant consisting of a barge supporting the cold water pipe and other components for the sea water systems and power plant. The pilot plant is expected to be commissioned by September-October, 2000, off Kulasekharapatnam off Tuticorin along Tamil Nadu coast.
Deep Sea Technology and Ocean Mining
The main objective of this mission is to develop/acquire technology that lead to commercial mining of polymetallic nodules from the central Indian Ocean basin. NIOT is involved in design and development of other systems and accessories like underwater inspection vehicle, underwater manipulator, underwater thruster and underwater connector.
NIOT and Institute of Design (IKS), University of Siegen, Germany have jointly undertaken the development of the integrated mining system in a phased manner with the preparation of a detailed technical report. Under this programme, the crawler mounted mining system developed by IKS and NIOT will be tested at a depth of 500 m.
For carrying out underwater inspection, CMERI, Durgapur is developing a remotely operable vehicle (ROV) capable of operating up to 300 m water depth.
Design and Development of an underwater robotic arm with a payload capacity of 2 kg and four degrees of freedom suitable for underwater operations like sample collection, picking of objects etc., was undertaken by NIOT with technical cooperation from M/s. Systematics India Ltd. Bangalore. The arm will be mounted on the ROV developed by CMERI.
Coastal and Environmental Engineering
This group supports and provides engineering inputs for the better utilization and management of coastal resources. The diverse nature of this field has activities ranging from a design of a seawall to environment control measures. This group supports the collection and presentation of oceanographic data for feasibility studies of Ports and Harbours.
Based on the laboratory model tests, NIOT is developing software for the analysis of floating breakwater.
The baseline data collected for aqua farms are being used along with in-house water quality models towards achieving sustainable development technologies. Apart from this, computer models and field studies are being carried out for nearshore wave transformation, sediment transport and deposition at the mouths of Pulicat Lake and Cooum River. Numerical models are being developed to predict storm surge and associated inland flooding as sponsored an in-house projects.
Sponsored programmes on measurement of physical and environmental conditions, studies on detached breakwaters and environmental impact assessment, drainage and coastal inlet studies for NTPC, Feasibility Studies on Coal Transport logistics and development of marine facilities for NTPC power plant at Cheyyur, Sea bed and hydrographic investigations for GPLNG to lay sub marine pipelines across the Gulf of Khambhat, Numerical model studies for development of Fishing Harbour at Thengapatnam, Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment Studies for Van Ommeren MAC Tank Terminals Ltd., Coast Guard and Indian Navy, Modelling of Dredge Spoil Disposal for Gujarat Pipavav Port Ltd., Modelling of watershed sediment erosion for RITES, modelling for water quality issue related to ICMAM etc have been taken up. Surveys for hydrographic component of the COMAPS Programme and preparation of draft EIA guidelines for Ports & Harbours , have been completed.
Building up of coastal and oceanographic data base using vessel Management Cell at NIOT, development of applications of Remote Sensing and GIS for coastal and ocean engineering studies, research on shore protection measures and modelling and monitoring of coastal pollution are also envisaged.
Marine Instrumentation
The group is involved in the development of instruments for marine use. The group has expertise in underwater acoustics, acoustic based instrumentation, materials for acoustic transducers, transducer calibration and signal processing. An Acoustic Test Facility (ATF) for the calibration of underwater acoustic transducers will be established at the new NIOT campus being developed.
NIOT has successfully developed an Acoustic Tide Gauge (ATG) with accuracy better than 1 cm, which is suited for marine environment. ATG and the analog electronic hardware have been tested at Chennai port. Acoustic Tide Gauges with battery back up and telemetry option were fabricated and deployed at Kochi, Mumbai, A&N Islands in India and in Vietnam.
NIOT is implementing a project with NIO, Goa to develop a portable surface- skimming platform, which can be remotely controlled from a ship or shore.
A project to develop a portable current meter has been entrusted with the Ocean Engineering Centre, IITM employing the principle of a 3-component multi-layer Perforated Ball Velocity Meter.
An acoustic sub-bottom profiler is being developed indigenously for coastal area research. The individual components of the system such as transducers, electronic assembly and the software for signal processing and image processing are being developed in this project.
A transducer for Echosounder with frequency operation of 33 kHz and beam width of 20o for IUSS Project and processing software / control electronic hardware for Echosounder - IUSS, have been developed. Development of 12 kHz omni directional transceiver for Pinger and Acoustic Release system initially for 300m depth and subsequently for operation up to a depth of 6000m was taken up. A feasibility study has been taken up on freshness index meter for fish meat to detect ammonia and TMA/DMA gases. Development of Portable Digital current meter for field operation from a laboratory model has also been taken up. The instrumentation group also proposes to develop an integrated system consisting of a sub-bottom profiler and a side scan sonar.
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CHAPTER VI
Summary of Financial Requirements
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CHAPTER VII
Explanation of Financial Requirements for 2000-01
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POLAR SCIENCE (ANTARCTIC RESEARCH) PROGRAMME
During 2000-01, the 20th Indian Antarctic Expedition will be launched for achieving a part of the long term scientific objectives as laid down in the 9th Five Year Plan programmes of the Department. The activities are proposed to be continued in the area of geology, atmospheric sciences, biological sciences etc., as already explained in Chapter IV. The National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR) at Goa, which is the nodal agency for implementing the programme, will further expand with facilities for carrying out research in polar science and southern ocean oceanography.
In order to continue the scientific activities and maintain the station, it would be necessary to continue the chartering of the ice-breaker and helicopters along with other logistic activities in the station for which funds to the tune of Rs.21.00 crore is estimated to be required during 2000-01.
MARINE LIVING RESOURCES
A. Drugs from Sea
The project will enter the crucial Phase IV of taking up release of new drugs developed from marine flora and fauna under Phase III. the programme is being revamped to cover the exploratory work relating to collection, identification and bioevaluation of the marine organisms and the product development phase involving industry, commercial working of patent on anti-cholesterol molecule and anti-HIV drug, completion of regulatory pharmacology and toxicology of the anti-diabetic and anti- diarrhoeal lead, etc.
The outlay of Rs. 2.00 crore proposed for 2000-01, therefore, is very much essential.
B. Assessment of Marine Living Resources
Studies on the Hydro-acoustics, Large Marine Ecosystem of the Arabian Sea, mesopelagic resources, benthic biodiversity and the fish biodiversity of the continental Slope area, taken up in the first year of the 9th Plan will be continued. It is proposed to be set up a Project Directorate at Sagar Sampada Cell, Kochi, to coordinate the programme implementation.
A sum of Rs. 2.96 crore proposed for 2000-01 is therefore, fully justified.
NON-LIVING RESOURCES
Polymetallic Nodules Programme
The Polymetallic Nodule (PMN) Programme consists of the following basic components:
1. Survey & Exploration in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB)
2. Environmental Impact Assessment
3. Technology Development (Mining)
4. Technology Development (Metallurgy)
It would be one of the potential and promising areas for development of expertise and technologies. The programme is important in many a ways. It is the field of pioneer ocean-related technology with enormous promise for the future. The major impetus will be for developing technology for deep sea bed mining and efficient process routes for recovery of metals from nodules by setting up a pilot plant. An integrated mining complex capable of mining 25,000 tonnes of nodules per annum from 6000m depth would be developed under the joint IKS-NIOT programme. The pilot plant for extractive metallurgy with a designed capacity for processing 500kg/day of nodules being set up at Hindustan Zinc Limited, will be commissioned by September/October,2000. In addition, the R&D activities for optimisation of the extraction efficiency of metal values for copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese would be continued. A joint collaborative programme for the design, development and testing of unmanned submersible capable for working up to 6000 m depth would be commissioned. The details of the activities proposed to be taken up during 2000-01 are part of the long-term activities planned under the programme.
The outlay of Rs.19.31 crore is very much essential for 2000-01.
MARINE AND COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT
A. Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction Systems (COMAPS)
The programme, which is long-term in nature reveals the health of our ocean. Since the health of the ocean is to be assessed periodically to take control/remedial measures, it is necessary to continue the programme in the year 2000-01 also, without any change in the scope or content of the programme as approved by the Government.
For this purpose, during 2000-01, an outlay of Rs. 2.05 crore is the essential requirement.
B. Coastal Research Vessels
The Vessels - CRV Sagar Purvi and Sagar Paschimi - are the mandatory requirements for onboard collection and analyses of the sampled collected from 82 sampling points under the COMAPS programme. These two vessels are also used for other coastal research and survey programmes of DOD. In order to meet the ship time requirements for all scientific investigations it is necessary to operate and maintain these vessels for which an amount of Rs. 2.50 crore is necessary for the year 2000-01.
C. Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM)
The Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM) has two components namely Capacity Building on ICMAM with World Bank assistance and National Facility on ICMAM. The Capacity Building component includes undertaking of new activities in India for which we do not have any experience in the past. These activities which were launched during the year 1997-98, are long-term in nature and need to be carried out for a minimum period of 5 years. During 2000-01, it is proposed to continue the tasks taken up relating to development of GIS based Information System for 11 critical habitats of which GIS based Information System for 3 more sites will be completed, determination of waste assimilation capacity, development of Management Action Plan for one site, validation of the model selected for Ennore and Tapi estuaries, and calibration of the Ennore data with Tapi data, development of EIA Guidelines for waste disposal, marine transportation an tourism sector etc.
Under the National Facility component on ICMAM, the facility for training programme, R&D and Survey already established will be used for imparting training to coastal states on development of model ICMAM Plan, support to Central and State Pollution Control Boards in determining sea water quality criteria, etc.
Thus, for undertaking all these activities and in order to accomplish the objectives set for these programmes during the 9th Five Year Plan an amount of Rs. 6.70 crore is very much essential during 2000-01.
OCEAN OBSERVATION & INFORMATION SERVICES
Under Ocean Observing System component, indigenisation of data buoy technology and operation and maintenance of 12 data buoy system by National Data Buoy Programme, upgrading of existing tide gauge network both in terms of software and sensors, redeployment of existing current meter and deployment of new current meter array along the equator, deployment of 12 drifting buoys for acquiring the surface meteorological and upper ocean parameters, validation campaigns of IRS-P4 satellite data, conducting XBT cruises for obtaining temperature profiles for estimation of heat budget in the upper layers in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea etc., would be carried out.
Under Ocean Information Service setting up of infrastructure for Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), continuation of the generation of SST and dissemination of PFZ forecasts, operation and maintenance of Marine Data Centres established during the 8th Plan period, operation of models developed by SAC for data generation, archival and dissemination of data from the marine data centres, etc are the major activities proposed for 2000-01.
Under the Component Satellite Coastal & Oceanographic Research, development of version I and II software for retrieval of ocean parameters using remote sensing satellites and R&D activities will be continued. Data assimilation models for short- and long-term forecasts would continue to be generated and validated. Preparatory work for Oceansat II and other future missions would be initiated.
Validation and sensitivity test for the coupled model for Indian monsoon; coupled ocean atmospheric model for prediction of tropical cyclones and associated surges; wave prediction model; ocean circulation model; joint global ocean flux studies, etc., are proposed to be taken up. In addition synthesis of time series sediment trap data and development of budget models for estimation of fluxes of carbon and nitrogen along the continental margin of the west coast of India and quantification of fluxes of various elements in the Godavari basin region and Joint Global Flux Studies for estimation of elemental fluxes in Bay of Bengal, would also be taken up during 2000- 01, under Ocean Dynamics and Modelling component.
For taking up all these programmes including the externally aided National Data Buoy Project a sum of Rs. 14.00 crore is proposed for 2000-01.
MARINE RESEARCH AND CAPACITY BUILDING
It is essential to undertake R & D activities in the ocean sector in order to understand the oceanographic phenomena and to study basic aspects relating to the oceans and its inhabitants. The programme envisages the participation of academic/research institutions and national R&D laboratories for promoting frontline research in oceanography, human resource development and establishing state-of-the- art facilities in our country. The 9 Ocean Science & Technology Cells set up in selected maritime Universities/academic institutions will grow into full-fledged Centres of Excellence in the relevant field in the years to come. It is proposed to continue the 22 ongoing research projects presently underway and the new projects sanctioned to OSTCs in Marine Geology and Geophysics at Mangalore University and in Marine Microbiology at Goa University. Three more OSTCs in major areas of Ocean Science & Technology will be set up.
Therefore, during 2000-01 Rs. 3.00 crore is very much required for Marine Research and Capacity Building.
COASTAL COMMUNITY PROGRAMME
A. Shore to fishing vessel communication system
The shore stations set up in 7 locations will be operated and maintained.
To meet the spill over commitment a token amount of Rs.0.02 crore has been earmarked for expenditure during 2000-01.
OCEAN AWARENESS
With a view to promoting awareness among the public and school children, it is proposed to promote participation in the exhibition and fairs and extending funding support for a number of seminars/symposia/workshops etc in ocean science & technology.
To carry out these tasks, during 2000-01 a sum of Rs. 0.70 crore is proposed.
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS & CO-OPERATION
A. Contribution to International Organizations
During the year 2000-01 also contributions to International Commissions and organizations such as UNCLOS, ISBA, COMNAP/SCALOP, CCAMLR, Regional Seas Programme, etc., where India has made commitments will have to be continued. The studies relating to JGOFS will also need to be continued to yield valuable conclusions.
For this an amount of Rs.0.60 crore is required during 2000-01.
B. Delineation of Outer Limits of Continental shelf
During 2000-01 Seismic Survey and Bathymetric survey in remaining pockets will be continued, the data on baseline, bathymetry and seismics will be compiled and reports and maps will be prepared as per the requirement of the Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf (CLCS) and India's claim will be submitted to CLCS.
With a view to achieving the aforesaid time specific targets, the sum of Rs. 43.00 crore proposed for 2000-01, is very much essential.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEAN TECHNOLOGY
Under the Ocean Energy mission the pilot 1MW Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) programme will be implemented as a technology demonstration programme. It is expected that the pilot plant will be commissioned for technology demonstration by October, 2000. The National Test Facility at Vizhinjam was established to ultimately provide recommendations, design procedure and economics for the near shore bottom mounted wave energy plants. Three power modules have been designed and tested since its erection in 1991. The performance evaluation and maintenance of the wave energy plant will be carried out.
Similarly under the deep sea mining technology mission, testing of various subsystems of the joint pilot shallow bed mining technology demonstration programme with technical expertise from the University of Siegen, Germany will be done. The prototype underwater thrusters and underwater connectors would be developed. Development of pressure transducer for 600 bar and INS for crawler for motion sensor would be undertaken. The technology development studies particularly with reference to pressure loss aspects for 6000 m depth, would be continued.
Under the Coastal and Environmental Engineering mission, third survey and submission of final report will be completed under the hydrographic component of COMAPS. Modelling and submission of final report on `Waste Load Allocation and Assimilation Capacity of Selected Coastal Areas of India - Ennore', Watershed and storm surge modelling for Andhra Pradesh Hazard Mitigation Project and submission of final report and Modelling of watershed loadings for Goa ICMAM Plan will also be addressed.
Under the mission Marine Instrumentation, a DSP based Acoustic tide gauge with novel in-situ with calibration facility for deployment in all major ports in India, will be developed. Development of Echosounder / Acoustic Sub-bottom Profiler with tow fish, 2-16 kHz Acoustic Sub-bottom projector / hydrophone array and 2-16 kHz Magnetostrictive projectors for IUSS Project; sensor / electronic system for freshness index meter for fish meat; Engineered version of portable digital current meter; 12 kHz transceiver with omni directionivity for Pinger and Acoustic Release system for 6000m depth, complete prototype acoustic release system, etc., would be addressed.
Under the Ocean Science & Technology for Islands programme further research on formulation of appropriate feeds for maximum growth of lobsters, hormonal manipulation during fattening of lobsters, development of larval rearing technology in Indian spiny lobster, sea ranching of early life stages of spiny lobster, implementation of projects on development of technology for sustainable lobster and seaweed culture and polyculture of marine organisms at island groups would be taken up.
A financial outlay of Rs. 15.70 crore has been proposed for these programmes during 2000-01.
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT & INFRASTRUCTURE
Initiation of the process for filling up of the vacant posts and creation of approved additional posts and provision of the requisite infrastructure support to the Department and its attached offices for reviewing, implementing and monitoring various approved plan programmes, will be the major activities proposed in 2000-01.
For this purpose, an outlay of Rs. 1.46 crore provided for in 2000-01, is justifiable.
NON-PLAN
EXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT OF LIVING AND NON-LIVING RESOURCES
The task of survey to locate and map the resources potential of living and non- living resources with the help of DOD's own vessels ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar Sampada, which serve as National Facility, will have to be continued in the coming years as collection of enormous data and information on geological oceanography, biological oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography and exploration activity in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea are essential in order to understand various oceanographic phenomena.
An allocation of Rs.10.30 crore and Rs.9.84 crore made for operation and management of ORV Sagar Kanya and FORV Sagar Sampada, respectively, during 2000-01, is the barest minimum.
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Ministry of Earth Sciences
